１ インフラを構築する（ＡＷＳにおけるインフラ；ＶＰＣを構成する；ＶＰＣとオンプレミス環境とを接続する） ２ ファイルオブジェクトを保存・共有・公開する（オブジェクトストレージＳ３の機能；ファイルストレージとして利用する；Ｗｅｂサーバーを構築する；信頼性とコストのバランスをとりたい） ３ アプリケーションサーバーを構築する（Ａｍａｚｏｎ ＥＣ２とＡＷＳ Ｌａｍｂｄａ；スケーラビリティーを高める；サーバーレスでプログラムを動かす；データベースサービスを活用する） ４ ＡＷＳシステムを管理する（リソース監視と異常検知・通報；耐障害性を高める仕組みとバックアップ＆リカバリー；構成管理）

Amazon Web Services完全ソリューションガイド

The Internet of Things (IoT) is leading today’s digital transformation Relying on a combination of technologies, protocols, and devices such as wireless sensors and newly developed wearable and implanted sensors, IoT is changing every aspect of daily life, especially recent applications in digital healthcare IoT incorporates various kinds of hardware, communication protocols, and services This IoT diversity can be viewed as a double-edged sword that provides comfort to users but can lead also to a large number of security threats and attacks In this survey paper, a new compacted and optimized architecture for IoT is proposed based on five layers Likewise, we propose a new classification of security threats and attacks based on new IoT architecture The IoT architecture involves a physical perception layer, a network and protocol layer, a transport layer, an application layer, and a data and cloud services layer First, the physical sensing layer incorporates the basic hardware used by IoT Second, we highlight the various network and protocol technologies employed by IoT, and review the security threats and solutions Transport protocols are exhibited and the security threats against them are discussed while providing common solutions Then, the application layer involves application protocols and lightweight encryption algorithms for IoT Finally, in the data and cloud services layer, the main important security features of IoT cloud platforms are addressed, involving confidentiality, integrity, authorization, authentication, and encryption protocols The paper is concluded by presenting the open research issues and future directions towards securing IoT, including the lack of standardized lightweight encryption algorithms, the use of machine-learning algorithms to enhance security and the related challenges, the use of Blockchain to address security challenges in IoT, and the implications of IoT deployment in 5G and beyond

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/13/3625/pdf

A Survey of IoT Security Based on a Layered Architecture of Sensing and Data Analysis.

Authentication and Identity Management of IoHT Devices: Achievements, Challenges, and Future Directions

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is a major threat impeding service to legitimate requests on any network Although the first DDoS attack was reported in 1996, the complexity and sophistication of these attacks has been ever increasing A 2 TBps attack was reported in mid-August 2020 directed towards critical infrastructure, such as finance, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic It is estimated that these attacks will double, reaching over 15 million, in the next 2 years A number of mitigation schemes have been designed and developed since its inception but the increasing complexity demands advanced solutions based on emerging technologies Blockchain has emerged as a promising and viable technology for DDoS mitigation The inherent and fundamental characteristics of blockchain such as decentralization, internal and external trustless attitude, immutability, integrity, anonymity and verifiability have proven to be strong candidates, in tackling this deadly cyber threat This survey discusses different approaches for DDoS mitigation using blockchain in varied domains to date The paper aims at providing a comprehensive review, highlighting all necessary details, strengths, challenges and limitations of different approaches It is intended to serve as a single platform to understand the mechanics of current approaches to enhance research and development in the DDoS mitigation domain

Distributed denial of service (Ddos) mitigation using blockchain—a comprehensive insight

With the emergence of one of this century's deadliest pandemics, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has an enormous effect globally with a quick spread worldwide This made the World Health Organization announce it as a pandemic COVID-19 has pushed countries to follow new behaviors such as social distancing, hand washing, and remote work and to shut down organizations, businesses, and airports At the same time, white hats are doing their best to accommodate the pandemic However, while white hats are protecting people, black hats are taking advantage of the situation, which creates a cybersecurity pandemic on the other hand This paper discusses the cybersecurity issues at this period due to finding information or finding another related research that had not been discussed before This paper presents the cybersecurity attacks during the COVID-19 epidemic time A lot of information has been collected from the World Health Organization (WHO), trusted organizations, news sources, official governmental reports, and available research articles This paper then classifies the cybersecurity attacks and threats at the period of COVID-19 and provides recommendations and countermeasures for each type This paper surveys the cybersecurity attacks and their countermeasures and reports the ongoing cybersecurity attacks and threats at this period of time Moreover, it is also a step towards analyzing the efficiency of the country's infrastructure as well as hackers and criminals' social behavior at the time of the pandemic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Advanced Transportation is the property of Hindawi Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )

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Cybersecurity and Countermeasures at the Time of Pandemic

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are a major threat to any network-based service provider. The ability of an attacker to harness the power of a lot of compromised devices to launch an attack makes it even more complex to handle. This complexity can increase even more when several attackers coordinate to launch an attack on one victim. Moreover, attackers these days do not need to be highly skilled to perpetrate an attack. Tools for orchestrating an attack can easily be found online and require little to no knowledge about attack scripts to initiate an attack. Studies have been done severally to develop defense mechanisms to detect and defend against DDoS attacks. As defense schemes are designed and developed, attackers are also on the move to evade these defense mechanisms and so there is a need for a continual study in developing defense mechanisms. This paper discusses the current DDoS defense mechanisms, their strengths and weaknesses.

https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/7/1/19/pdf

On Distributed Denial of Service Current Defense Schemes

Online privacy has gradually become a concern for internet users over the years as a result of the interconnection of customers’ devices with other devices supporting the internet technology. This research investigates and discusses the factors that influence the privacy concerns faced by online consumers of internet services and the possible outcomes of these privacy concerns on the African online market with Ghana being the primary focus. Results from this study indicated that only 10.1% of respondents felt that the internet was safe for purchase and payment transaction in Ghana. However, respondents were willing to shop online if e-Commerce was the only means of getting their products. Respondents also had a high sense of perceived vulnerability and their perceived vulnerability to unauthorized data collection and misuse of personal information could affect Ghanaian e-Commerce platform adoption. The perceived ability of users of e-Commerce platforms in Ghana to control data collection and its subsequent use by other third parties was also found to negatively impact customers’ willingness to wholly transact and share their personal information online. The perceived vulnerability was found to be affected by the high levels of internet illiteracy whiles the perceived ability to control the collection of information and use was influenced by both the internet literacy level as well as the level of social awareness of the Ghanaian internet consumer.

/pdf/ghanaian-consumers-online-privacy-concerns-causes-and-its-1yu0r5s7jd.pdf

Ghanaian Consumers’ Online Privacy Concerns: Causes and its Effects on E-Commerce Adoption

Most Sub-Saharan Africa countries including Ghana experience a shortage of medical professionals, especially in the rural areas. This is mainly caused by the low-intake of students into medical schools due to inadequacy of facilities to train students. Also, a number of medical students graduate and emigrate to foreign countries to seek new opportunities and enhanced living standards. To reduce the effect of this, telemedicine is being implemented in certain areas to provide healthcare. Much as advances are being made in information and communication technologies, the advancement of telemedicine in developing countries still needs to upgraded and extended to cover more areas. Some categories of telemedicine have little to no implementation in Ghana due to lack of resources, little government support as well as the absence of structured frameworks and policies to ensure their implementation. This paper seeks to present telemedicine applications and implementations in Ghana till date as well as suggest some recommendations to mitigate some of the challenges impeding the advancement of telemedicine.

/pdf/on-telemedicine-implementations-in-ghana-pmqz364f6p.pdf

Seth Djane Kotey

Papers

On Distributed Denial of Service Current Defense Schemes

Ghanaian Consumers’ Online Privacy Concerns: Causes and its Effects on E-Commerce Adoption

On Telemedicine Implementations in Ghana