抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Uniform, spherical-shaped TiO2:Eu nanoparticles with different doping concentrations have been synthesized through controlled hydrolysis of titanium tetrabutoxide under appropriate pH and temperature in the presence of EuCl3·6H2O. Through air annealing at 500°C for 2 h, the amorphous, as-grown nanoparticles could be converted to a pure anatase phase. The morphology, structural, and optical properties of the annealed nanostructures were studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy [EDS], and UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy techniques. Optoelectronic behaviors of the nanostructures were studied using micro-Raman and photoluminescence [PL] spectroscopies at room temperature. EDS results confirmed a systematic increase of Eu content in the as-prepared samples with the increase of nominal europium content in the reaction solution. With the increasing dopant concentration, crystallinity and crystallite size of the titania particles decreased gradually. Incorporation of europium in the titania particles induced a structural deformation and a blueshift of their absorption edge. While the room-temperature PL emission of the as-grown samples is dominated by the 5D0 - 7Fj transition of Eu+3 ions, the emission intensity reduced drastically after thermal annealing due to outwards segregation of dopant ions.

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Effects of crystallization and dopant concentration on the emission behavior of TiO2:Eu nanophosphors

Phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes (pc-WLEDs) are emerging as an indispensable solid-state light source for the next generation lighting industry and display systems due to their unique properties including but not limited to energy savings, environment-friendliness, small volume, and long persistence. Until now, major challenges in pc-WLEDs have been to achieve high luminous efficacy, high chromatic stability, brilliant color-rending properties, and price competitiveness against fluorescent lamps, which rely critically on the phosphor properties. A comprehensive understanding of the nature and limitations of phosphors and the factors dominating the general trends in pc-WLEDs is of fundamental importance for advancing technological applications. This report aims to provide the most recent advances in the synthesis and application of phosphors for pc-WLEDs with emphasis specifically on: (a) principles to tune the excitation and emission spectra of phosphors: prediction according to crystal field theory, and structural chemistry characteristics (e.g. covalence of chemical bonds, electronegativity, and polarization effects of element); (b) pc-WLEDs with phosphors excited by blue-LED chips: phosphor characteristics, structure, and activated ions (i.e. Ce 3+ and Eu 2+ ), including YAG:Ce, other garnets, non-garnets, sulfides, and (oxy)nitrides; (c) pc-WLEDs with phosphors excited by near ultraviolet LED chips: single-phased white-emitting phosphors (e.g. Eu 2+ –Mn 2+ activated phosphors), red-green-blue phosphors, energy transfer, and mechanisms involved; and (d) new clues for designing novel high-performance phosphors for pc-WLEDs based on available LED chips. Emphasis shall also be placed on the relationships among crystal structure, luminescence properties, and device performances. In addition, applications, challenges and future advances of pc-WLEDs will be discussed.

Phosphors in phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes: Recent advances in materials, techniques and properties

Photovoltaic (PV) technologies for solar energy conversion represent promising routes to green and renewable energy generation. Despite relevant PV technologies being available for more than half a century, the production of solar energy remains costly, largely owing to low power conversion efficiencies of solar cells. The main difficulty in improving the efficiency of PV energy conversion lies in the spectral mismatch between the energy distribution of photons in the incident solar spectrum and the bandgap of a semiconductor material. In recent years, luminescent materials, which are capable of converting a broad spectrum of light into photons of a particular wavelength, have been synthesized and used to minimize the losses in the solar-cell-based energy conversion process. In this review, we will survey recent progress in the development of spectral converters, with a particular emphasis on lanthanide-based upconversion, quantum-cutting and down-shifting materials, for PV applications. In addition, we will also present technical challenges that arise in developing cost-effective high-performance solar cells based on these luminescent materials.

Enhancing solar cell efficiency: the search for luminescent materials as spectral converters

A review of some properties of chalcogenide glasses and the current status of their applications is given. Techniques to characterize the linear and non-linear properties of these glasses are introduced and used to measure the optical constants of chalcogenide glasses in the form of bulk, thin film and fiber. Different techniques for the fabrication of gratings and waveguides in these glasses are described. Achievable efficiencies of gratings, as well as propagation losses of fabricated waveguides, are presented. The possibilities of fabricating active devices, such as fiber amplifiers and lasers, are presented. Finally, a novel application of chalcogenide glasses, namely all-optical switching for the fabrication of efficient femtosecond switches, is introduced.

Optical properties and applications of chalcogenide glasses: a review

Luminescence characteristics of Ce:Y3Al5O12 (YAG) glass-ceramic (GC) phosphor for a white LED were investigated. The GC phosphor was obtained by a heat treatment of a Ce-doped SiO2-Al2 O3-Y2O3 mother glass between 1300degC and 1500degC for the prescribed time period. The quantum efficiency (QE) of Ce3+ fluorescence in the GC materials, the color coordinate, and the luminous flux of electroluminescence of LED composite were evaluated with a blue LED (465 nm) set in an integrating sphere. The QE increased with increasing ceramming temperature of the as-made glass. The color coordinates (x, y) of the composite were increased with increasing thickness of the GC mounted on a blue LED chip. The effect of Gd2O3 substitution on the optical properties of the GC materials was also investigated. The excitation and emission wavelengths shifted to longer side up to Gd/(Y + Gd) = 0.40 in molar composition. As a result, the color coordinate of the LED with GdYAG-GC of various thickness shifted to closer to the Planckian locus for the blackbody radiation. These results were explained by partial substitution of Gd3+ ions in the precipitated YAG microcrystals, leading to the increase of lattice constant of unit cell, which was confirmed by XRD.

Luminescence Characteristics of YAG Glass–Ceramic Phosphor for White LED

The upconversion properties of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ ions were studied for the fluorophosphate glasses (45-x)${\mathrm{AlF}}_{3}$\ensuremath{\cdot}x${\mathrm{AlPO}}_{4}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${5\mathrm{E}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{F}}_{3}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${30\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{F}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${20\mathrm{B}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, with use of the infrared radiation from a (Ga,Al)As laser diode (\ensuremath{\lambda}=802 nm) as an excitation source. Green upconversion fluorescence due to the $^{4}$${\mathit{S}}_{3/2}$${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{4}$${\mathit{I}}_{15/2}$ transition could be observed for the fluoride glass, while the fluorescence intensity for fluorophosphate glasses decreased drastically with increasing ${\mathrm{AlPO}}_{4}$ content. It was found from the phonon sideband spectra of ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ that the phonon with \ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}=1060 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, corresponding to P-${\mathrm{O}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ stretching vibrations, became coupled to the multiphonon relaxation of rare-earth ions, and its electron-phonon coupling strength increased greatly with increasing phosphate content. The temperature dependence of upconversion intensity was large for the fluoride system, while it was small for the fluorophosphate system. These tendencies could be well explained by considering the multiphonon decay rate of the ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ intermediate level and its temperature dependence, which are functions of the phonon energy of the host and the energy gap to the next-lower level of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$. Combined with the results of $^{151}\mathrm{Eu}$ M\"ossbauer spectroscopy, it was concluded that the upconversion properties in these glasses were largely influenced by the local structure and the phonon mode coupled to the rare-earth ions.

Upconversion properties, multiphonon relaxation, and local environment of rare-earth ions in fluorophosphate glasses.

In Ce3+–Yb3+ co-doped Y3Al5O12 (YAG) ceramics, possibility of quantum cutting mechanism converting one visible photon into two NIR photons with optimum quantum efficiency approaching 200% have been investigated. In this material, Yb3+ emissions due to the F25/2-F27/2 in the range of 1 μm were observed upon the excitation of 5d level of Ce3+. In addition, excitation spectra of Yb3+ emission corresponded to that of Ce3+ emission completely. Lifetime of the 5d level of Ce3+ decreased with increasing Yb3+ content. These results indicate the energy transfer (ET) from the 5d levels of Ce3+ to the F55/2 level of Yb3+. In (Y0.945Ce0.005Yb0.05) A3l5O12 sample, the directly measured quantum yield (QY) of Yb3+ emission upon the excitation of 5d level of Ce3+ was about 12% and lower than QY (96%) that estimated from the ET efficiency which was calculated with the measured lifetime of Ce3+.

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Visible to near infrared conversion in Ce3+–Yb3+ Co-doped YAG ceramics

http://www.talab.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/paper/CRCheREAmp.pdf

Setsuhisa Tanabe

Papers

Luminescence Characteristics of YAG Glass–Ceramic Phosphor for White LED

Upconversion properties, multiphonon relaxation, and local environment of rare-earth ions in fluorophosphate glasses.

Visible to near infrared conversion in Ce3+–Yb3+ Co-doped YAG ceramics

Rare-earth-doped glasses for fiber amplifiers in broadband telecommunication

A brief review on red to near-infrared persistent luminescence in transition-metal-activated phosphors