Numerous variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic have evolved. Viral variants may evolve with harmful susceptibility to the immunity established with the existing COVID‐19 vaccination. These variants are more transmissible, induce relatively extreme illness, have evasive immunological features, decrease neutralization using antibodies from vaccinated persons, and are more susceptible to re‐infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has categorized SARS‐CoV‐2 mutations as variants of interest (VOI), variants of concern (VOC), and variants of high consequence (VOHC). At the moment, four VOC and many variants of interest have been defined and require constant observation. This review article summarizes various variants of SARS‐CoV‐2 surfaced with special emphasis on VOCs that are spreading across the world, as well as several viral mutational impacts and how these modifications alter the properties of the virus.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9088647

SARS‐CoV‐2 variants and vulnerability at the global level

The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is emerging in communities where people were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and are now being vaccinated, or where many people have received two or three coronavirus vaccination doses. More than 130 countries around the globe have implemented booster dose programs for tackling omicron endemics. Despite early findings shows that booster doses may improve omicron protection, more research is needed to establish vaccination efficacy. This short communication tries to critically discuss the research work findings around booster dose strategy for omicron endemics.

/pdf/is-booster-dose-strategy-sufficient-for-omicron-variant-of-30jx41lb.pdf

Is Booster Dose Strategy Sufficient for Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2?

The "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)" variant strains identified in India consist of three main lineages ("double mutant" variant): Kappa variant, Delta variant, and B.1.618. It is believed that the delta variant lacks the 484K/Q mutation, which has now been related to vaccination resistance. Currently, 63 Delta variant genomes with the K417N mutation were recognized by the GISAID. Delta plus variant (AY.1 variant or B.1.617.2.1) is the modified version of the delta variant which has brought a devastating second COVID-19 wave in India and it has been declared as a "variant of concern (VOC)" by the World Health Organization. As of 28th November 2021, more than 500 cases of delta plus variant have been reported in 12 countries, in particular in the US, UK, and India.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14760584.2022.2044800?needAccess=true

Global impact of delta plus variant and vaccination

ABSTRACT Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected more than 529 million people, and today the world is facing different mutant strains of the virus, leading to increased morbidity rates, fatality rates, and surfacing re-infections. Various therapies, such as prophylactic treatments, repurposed drug treatments, convalescent plasma, and polyclonal antibody therapy have been developed to help combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Area covered This review article provides insights into the basic aspects of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the therapy of COVID-19, as well as its advancement in terms of clinical trial and current approval status. Expert opinion Monoclonal antibodies represents the most effective and viable therapy and/or prophylaxis option against COVID-19, and have shown a reduction of the viral load, as well as lowering hospitalizations and death rates. In different countries, various mAbs are undergoing different phases of clinical trials, with a few of them having entered phases III and IV. Due to the soaring number of cases worldwide, the FDA has given emergency approval for the mAb combinations bamlanivimab with etesevimab and casirivimab with imdevimab.

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19 management: an update

The "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)" is the third member of human coronavirus (CoV) that is held accountable for the current "coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)" pandemic. In the past two decades, the world has witnessed the emergence of two other similar CoVs, namely SARS-CoV in 2002 and MERS-CoV in 2013. The extent of spread of these earlier versions was relatively low in comparison to SARS-CoV-2. Despite having numerous reports inclined towards the zoonotic origin of the virus, one cannot simply sideline the fact that no animal originated CoV is thus far identified that is considered similar to the initial edition of SARS-CoV-2; however, under-sampling of the diverse variety of coronaviruses remains a concern. Vaccines are proved to be an effective tool for bringing the end to such a devastating pandemic. Many vaccine platforms are explored for the same but in this review paper, we will discuss the potential of replicating viral vectors as vaccine carriers for SARS-CoV-2. 

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/4/759/pdf?version=1650370996

Replicating Viral Vector-Based Vaccines for COVID-19: Potential Avenue in Vaccination Arena

The COVID-19 pandemic is a lethal virus outbreak by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has severely affected human lives and the global economy. The most vital part of the research and development of therapeutic agents is to design drug products to manage COVID-19 efficiently. Numerous attempts have been in place to determine the optimal drug dose and combination of drugs to treat the disease on a global scale. This article documents the information available on SARS-CoV-2 and its life cycle, which will aid in the development of the potential treatment options. A consolidated summary of several natural and repurposed drugs to manage COVID-19 is depicted with summary of current vaccine development. People with high age, comorbity and concomitant illnesses such as overweight, metabolic disorders, pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, renal failure, fatty liver and neoplastic disorders are more prone to create serious COVID-19 and its consequences. This article also presents an overview of post-COVID-19 complications in patients.

A global picture: therapeutic perspectives for COVID-19

An unheard mobilization of resources to find SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies has been sparked by the COVID-19 pandemic. Two years ago, COVID-19’s launch propelled mRNA-based technologies into the public eye. Knowledge gained from mRNA technology used to combat COVID-19 is assisting in the creation of treatments and vaccines to treat existing illnesses and may avert pandemics in the future. Exploiting the capacity of mRNA to create therapeutic proteins to impede or treat a variety of illnesses, including cancer, is the main goal of the quickly developing, highly multidisciplinary field of biomedicine. In this review, we explore the potential of mRNA as a vaccine and therapeutic using current research findings.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/12/2150/pdf?version=1671092552

mRNA-Based Vaccines and Therapeutics for COVID-19 and Future Pandemics

ImmunotherapyVol. 14, No. 12 Letter in ReplyFree AccessReply to the letter ‘Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron variant’Vivek P Chavda, Shailvi Soni, Riddhi Prajapati, Murali M Yallapu & Vasso ApostolopoulosVivek P Chavda *Author for correspondence: Tel.: +91 70 3091 9407; E-mail Address: vivek7chavda@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7701-8597Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, IndiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, K B Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382023, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author, Shailvi SoniDepartment of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author, Riddhi PrajapatiDepartment of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author, Murali M YallapuDepartment of Immunology & Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USASouth Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USASearch for more papers by this author & Vasso Apostolopoulos **Author for correspondence: Tel.: +61 399 192 025; E-mail Address: vasso.apostolopoulos@vu.edu.auhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6788-2771Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3030, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:5 Jul 2022https://doi.org/10.2217/imt-2022-0135AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail This is about the Letter to the Editor entitled ‘Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron variant’ [1] in response to the published review ‘A global picture: therapeutic perspectives for COVID-19’ [2]. Since the publication of the review, we submitted a commentary article entitled ‘Therapeutics to tackle Omicron outbreak’, which was recently accepted in Immunotherapy [3]. This commentary article covers various therapeutics required to manage the Omicron outbreak. Following the worldwide dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 lineage, various BA.2-related variations with mutations in the L452 residue of the spike protein, such as BA.2.9.1 and BA.2.13 (L452M), BA.2.12.1 (L452Q) and BA.2.11, BA.4 and BA.5 (L452R), appeared in several nations [4]. The World Health Organization (WHO) designated B.1.1.529 as a variant of concern and it was named the Omicron variant. Omicron is different, highly transmissible, and potent new variant of SARS-CoV-2 due to the high number of mutations. Omicron was first identified in South Africa in November 2021 [5].As of 31 May 2022, 1.1 million Omicron variant cases in the UK alone have been reported, which accounts for the highest number of cases for a variant worldwide. Following the UK, the USA is the second country to report close to 1 million cases and India is third with 55,000 Omicron cases [6].We now provide the Omicron management strategies and research outcomes as diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccine.Diagnostics for OmicronReverse transcription PCR testingFollowing a nasopharyngeal swab, a reverse transcription PCR test is conducted to determine the presence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron [7]. Reverse transcription PCR identifies the envelope protein, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and nucleocapsid protein genes of SARS-CoV-2. Since Omicron (and other variants) mutations are on the spike (S) gene Omicron is able to be detected [8]. The amplicon sequence provides clear detection using Nextclade, since the Omicron variant includes several mutations in the S gene. Phan et al. developed a qualitative reverse transcription PCR assay with genomic analysis to rapidly detect the Omicron variant in nasal specimens [9]. Furthermore, combining clinical–epidemiological data with supplementary examinations would reduce the number of false-positive and false-negative outcomes [10]. Similarly, Puvar et al. have developed an Omicron-specific duplex PCR test that has a 250-base pair-specific band that efficiently detects and distinguishes Omicron from the other variants of SARS-CoV-2 [11].Rapid antigen testingAlthough rapid antigen tests (RATs) don't usually differentiate between each variant, a new RAT has been developed that can detect Omicron within 20–30 min [12]. Stanley and colleagues demonstrated that RATs are successful at detecting Omicron [13]. The Omicron variant contains 32 mutations in the S protein, which is twice as many mutations as the Delta variant [14,15]. It has been shown that RATs can detect Omicron but with reduced sensitivity [13]. The alterations that influence the nucleocapsid's ability to be recognized by RATs are dependent on the kind of capture antibody utilized in each assay. As a result, viral mutations cannot completely anticipate RATs' effectiveness. It would be necessary to know the viral epitopes identified by the capture antibodies utilized by each commercial test to offer predicted effectiveness [16,17].Therapeutics against OmicronSmall molecules used in the treatment for Omicron variantPeople with confirmed mild to moderate COVID-19 with Omicron variant who are at risk of severe sickness are given one of two antiviral pills [18,19]: (1) nirmatrelvir and ritonavir in combination and (2) mulnupiravir. These drugs have equivalent antiviral activity against all variants of concern for SARS-CoV-2 [20,21]. Remdesivir, another antiviral medication, is also administered intravenously [22].Monoclonal antibody therapyMonoclonal antibody therapies are administered to persons with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at a high risk of serious disease. Similar to other monoclonal antibodies that have been approved for the treatment of high-risk individuals with mild to moderate COVID-19 and having shown a benefit in reducing the risk of hospitalization or death, bebtelovimab (175 mg/2 ml injection; Eli Lilly, IN, USA) acts by binding to the spike protein of the virus that causes COVID-19 [23].Bebtelovimab retains action against both the Omicron variant and the BA.2 Omicron subvariant, according to laboratory tests [24]. However, according to the US FDA approval, it is stated the following medications are not indicated for the treatment of COVID-19, since they are ineffective against Omicron [23]:Casirivimab plus imdevimab from Regeneron;Bamlanivimab plus etesevimab from Eli Lilly;Sotrovimab from GSK.A single dosage of AZD7442 (tixagevimab and cilgavimab) was effective in preventing COVID-19 without causing any apparent side effects (NCT04625725) [25].Vaccination strategy against OmicronThere are 32 mutations in the viral spike protein of the Omicron variant, 15 of which are in the receptor-binding domain, that affect viral transmission, immune evasion and vaccination tolerance. SARS-CoV-2 has a lot of mutations, and each one impacts the virus's protein binding site differently [26]. Moderna developed two multivalent immunotherapies: mRNA1273.211, which has many genetic variations seen in both the Omicron and Beta variants, and mRNA1273.213, which contains a genetic variation found in the Omicron, Beta and Delta forms [5]. To combat Omicron endemics, more than 130 countries in the world have launched booster dosage programs. Despite preliminary evidence that booster may increase Omicron protection, while additional studies are required to determine vaccine effectiveness [27,28]. Vaccination with BNT162b2 decreased the probability of Omicron-related hospitalizations in children aged 5–11 years by two-third. Even though two doses of immunization gave less protection against Omicron-associated hospitalization than Delta-associated hospitalizations in adolescents aged 12–18, vaccination prevented serious illness caused by either type [29]. Following complete immunization, mild to moderate Delta and Omicron breakthrough infections are minimally immunogenic, resulting in diminished immunity toward reinfection and infection from new variations [30]. However, in areas where immunizations are scarce, this may be insufficient to avoid illness and death (NCT05328479). According to Lee and colleagues [31], “Omicron-specific mRNA vaccine can induce potent neutralizing antibody responses against Omicron, but the inclusion of epitopes from other variants may be required for eliciting cross-protection.”ConclusionSome drugs and vaccines have been tested in human clinical trials against SARS-CoV-2 that are effective against the variants of concern. As a result, the severity of the disease has decreased, the number of hospitalizations has been reduced and there are fewer deaths. The authors of the Letter to the Editor introduced updated information related to the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron. Herein, we provide additional updates on diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines that work against the Omicron variant.Financial & competing interests disclosureThe authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants, or patents received or pending or royalties.No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.References1. Campos DMO, da Silva MK, de Oliveira CBS, Fulco UL, Oliveira JIN. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron variant. Immunotherapy doi: 10.2217/imt-2022-0077 (2022) (Epub ahead of print).Google Scholar2. Chavda VP, Kapadia C, Soni S et al. A global picture: therapeutic perspectives for COVID-19. Immunotherapy 14(5), 351–371 (2022).Link, CAS, Google Scholar3. Chavda VP, Hanuma Kumar Ghali EN, Yallapu MM, Apostolopoulos V. Therapeutics to tackle Omicron outbreak. Immunotherapy doi: 10.2217/imt-2022-0064 (2022) (Epub ahead of print).Link, Google Scholar4. Kimura I, Yamasoba D, Tamura T et al. Virological characteristics of the novel SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants including BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 (2022). (Accessed 2 June 2022). http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/05/26/2022.05.26.493539.abstractGoogle Scholar5. Chavda VP, Apostolopoulos V. Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2: threat for the elderly? Maturitas 158, 78–81 (2022).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar6. Elflein J. Number of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant cases worldwide as of June 1, 2022, by country or territory. (2022). www.statista.com/statistics/1279100/number-omicron-variant-worldwide-by-country/Google Scholar7. Chu VT, Schwartz NG, Donnelly MAP et al. Comparison of home antigen testing with RT-PCR and viral culture during the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA Intern. Med. e221827 (2022).Google Scholar8. Bloemen M, Rector A, Swinnen J et al. Fast detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants including Omicron using one-step RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. J. Virol. Methods 304, 114512 (2022).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar9. Tung P, Stephanie B, Melissa M et al. Development of a one-step qualitative RT-PCR assay to detect the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant in respiratory specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 60(3), e00024–22 (2022).Google Scholar10. Benevides Lima L, Mesquita FP, Brasil de Oliveira LL et al. True or false: what are the factors that influence COVID-19 diagnosis by RT-qPCR? Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 22(2), 157–167 (2022).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar11. Puvar A, Pandit R, Chaudhari AM et al. A simple and quick PCR based method for detection of Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 (2021). http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/12/27/2021.12.20.21268053.abstract Google Scholar12. Osterman A, Badell I, Basara E et al. Impaired detection of omicron by SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 211(2), 105–117 (2022).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar13. Stanley S, Hamel DJ, Wolf ID et al. Limit of detection for rapid antigen testing of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants of concern using live-virus culture. J. Clin. Microbiol. 60(5), e00140–22 (2022).Crossref, Google Scholar14. Tian D, Sun Y, Xu H, Ye Q. The emergence and epidemic characteristics of the highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. J. Med. Virol. 94(6), 2376–2383 (2022).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar15. Chavda VP, Apostolopoulos V. Global impact of Delta plus variant and vaccination. Expert Rev. Vaccines 21(5), 597–600 (2022).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar16. Raïch-Regué D, Muñoz-Basagoiti J, Perez-Zsolt D et al. Performance of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests for Omicron and other variants of concern. Front. Microbiol. 13, 810576 (2022).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar17. Brümmer LE, Katzenschlager S, Gaeddert M et al. Accuracy of novel antigen rapid diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2: a living systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 18(8), e1003735 (2021).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar18. Basu D, Chavda VP, Mehta AA. Therapeutics for COVID-19 and post COVID-19 complications: an update. Curr. Res. Pharmacol. Drug Discov. 3, 100086 (2022).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar19. Li P, Wang Y, Lavrijsen M et al. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is highly sensitive to molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir, and the combination. Cell Res. 32(3), 322–324 (2022).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar20. Vangeel L, Chiu W, De Jonghe S et al. Remdesivir, molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir remain active against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and other variants of concern. Antiviral Res. 198, 105252 (2022).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar21. Takashita E, Kinoshita N, Yamayoshi S et al. Efficacy of antiviral agents against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2. N. Engl. J. Med. 386(15), 1475–1477 (2022).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar22. Takashita E, Kinoshita N, Yamayoshi S et al. Efficacy of antibodies and antiviral drugs against COVID-19 Omicron variant. N. Engl. J. Med. 386(10), 995–998 (2022).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar23. Chavda VP, Prajapati R, Lathigara D et al. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19 management: an update. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 22(6), 763–780 (2022).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar24. US Food and Drug Administration. Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA authorizes new monoclonal antibody for treatment of COVID-19 that retains activity against Omicron variant (2022). www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-new-monoclonal-antibody-treatment-covid-19-retains Google Scholar25. Levin MJ, Ustianowski A, De Wit S et al. Intramuscular AZD7442 (tixagevimab–cilgavimab) for prevention of COVID-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 386(23), 2188–2200 (2022).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar26. Chavda VP, Patel AB, Vaghasiya DD. SARS-CoV-2 variants and vulnerability at the global level. J. Med. Virol. 94, 2986–3005 (2022).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar27. Chavda VP, Apostolopoulos V. Is booster dose strategy sufficient for Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2? Vaccines 10(3), 367 (2022).Crossref, CAS, Google Scholar28. Chavda VP, Bezbaruah R, Athalye M et al. Replicating viral vector-based vaccines for COVID-19: potential avenue in vaccination arena. Viruses 14(4), 759 (2022).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar29. Price AM, Olson SM, Newhams MM et al. BNT162b2 protection against the Omicron variant in children and adolescents. N. Engl. J. Med. 386(20), 1899–1909 (2022).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar30. Mongkolsucharitkul P, Surawit A, Sookrung N et al. Immunity response against mild-to-moderate breakthrough COVID-19 (2022). http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2022/05/31/2022.05.30.22275050.abstract Google Scholar31. Lee IJ, Sun CP, Wu PY et al. Omicron-specific mRNA vaccine induced potent neutralizing antibody against Omicron but not other SARS-CoV-2 variants (2022). http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/01/31/2022.01.31.478406.abstract Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 14, No. 12 Follow us on social media for the latest updates Metrics History Received 2 June 2022 Accepted 9 June 2022 Published online 5 July 2022 Published in print August 2022 Information© 2022 Future Medicine LtdFinancial & competing interests disclosureThe authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants, or patents received or pending or royalties.No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.PDF download 

Reply to the letter 'Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron variant'.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is described as a field of science and engineering that is concerned with the
artificial appreciation of what is generally referred to as prudent behavior and the formation of fascinations
that demonstrate such conduct. AI is an expansive concept that encloses a series of advances (a considerable
lot of which have been being worked on for quite a few years) that are expected to use human-like
insight to handle the problems. Right now in combination with enhanced AI developments like extreme or
significantly more engaged, we are experiencing a renewed enthusiasm for AI, energized by a tremendous
increase in computing capacity and a significantly greater increase in knowledge. AI, along with machine
learning, can be used in computer vision. More advantages in the field of engineering as well as in medicine
can be accomplished based on these future scenarios worldwide. Healthcare is seen as the next domain that
is said to be altered by the use of the concept of artificial intelligence. The AI process is used for critical
diseases such as cancer, neurology, cardiology and diabetes. The review includes the ongoing flow status
of medical services for AI applications. A few progressive explorations of AI applications in medicinal
services that provide a perspective on future where human interactions are gradually brought together by
social insurance conveyance. Likewise, this review will discuss how AI and machine learning can save the
life of someone. It is also a guide for healthcare professionals to see how, when, and where AI can be more
efficient and have the desired outcomes.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Disease, Healthcare, Machine learning, Deep Learning, Patient care, Treatment, Medical Science.

https://www.ijpp.org.in/journal-article-file/14073

Shailvi M Soni

Papers

A global picture: therapeutic perspectives for COVID-19

mRNA-Based Vaccines and Therapeutics for COVID-19 and Future Pandemics

Reply to the letter 'Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron variant'.

Artificial intelligence in healthcare