Purpose
To propose a length-and-diameter-based classification scheme for dental implants to standardize terminology in the dental literature and communication between interested parties.

Materials and Methods
This study was mainly based on searching two major resources: published scientific research papers and 14 of the most popular dental implant manufacturers. Indexed databases were searched from January 2004 up to and including February 2016 using the keywords “dental implant length” and “dental implant diameter.” Retrieved titles and abstracts were screened, and related full-text articles were reviewed. Full-text articles that clearly stated the terms and measurements of implants used were included and considered for proposing this classification scheme.

Results
The initial search for implant diameter and length yielded 1007 and 936 articles, respectively. A total of 85 studies (41 about diameter, 44 about length) were selected and reviewed. The remaining studies (966 about diameter, 892 about length) that did not abide by the eligibility criteria were excluded. The terms “long,” “short,” “standard,” “wide,” and “narrow” were the most commonly used terms in the literature. A classification scheme for implants by diameter and length was proposed.

Conclusions
Indexed publications contain a variety of terms used by authors to describe diameter and length of dental implants without conformity and standardization. The classification scheme proposed in this article could serve as a reference for interested parties.

Dental Implant Length and Diameter: A Proposed Classification Scheme.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40510-018-0241-1.pdf

Gender and growth variation in palatal bone thickness and density for mini-implant placement

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2Fs40510-016-0129-x.pdf

Displacement and force distribution of splinted and tilted mandibular anterior teeth under occlusal loads: an in silico 3D finite element analysis.

Objective To measure the palatal thickness of both hard and soft tissues and to determine safe regions for the placement of mini-implants. The influences of sex and age on palatal thickness were also examined. Materials and methods Cone-beam computed tomography images of 30 patients (12 males, 18 females), including 15 adults and 15 adolescents, were used in this study. The thicknesses of palatal hard tissue, soft tissue, and hard+soft tissues were measured at the coronal planes of first premolars, second premolars, first molars, and second molars (P1, P2, M1, and M2 planes, respectively). Results The hard tissue was thickest at the P1 plane, followed by at the P2, M1, and M2 planes, while the thickness of soft tissue was similar among the four planes. The trends in the changes of palatal thickness from midline to the lateral sides (V-pattern) were similar for the four planes. Palatal thickness was influenced by sex, age, and their interaction. Mapping of recommended and optimal sites for palatal mini-implants was accomplished. Conclusions Sex and age factors could influence palatal thickness. Therefore, the findings might be helpful for clinicians in guiding them to choose the optimal sites for palatal mini-implants.

/pdf/assessment-of-available-sites-for-palatal-orthodontic-mini-1s02mxag31.pdf

Assessment of available sites for palatal orthodontic mini-implants through cone-beam computed tomography.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2Fs40510-016-0130-4.pdf

Tridimensional finite element analysis of teeth movement induced by different headgear forces

https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/8585175/Stress_distribution_patterns_at_mini_implant.pdf

Stress distribution patterns at mini-implant site during retraction and intrusion--a three-dimensional finite element study.

Introduction Of the various orthodontic bonding materials, orthofix is a fairly new entrant into this field This material was exclusively introduced for orthodontic bonding purposes; however, the application of this material for orthodontic purpose has not been scientifically evaluated so far Aim The aim of the present study was to evaluate by an in-vivo double blinded split mouth rando mized clinical trial, the overall bond failure rates of two Bis-GMA based composite materials namely Transbond XT and Orthofix Materials and methods Thirty three participants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated by lottery method into two groups Group A participants had maxillary right and the mandibular left quadrants bonded using Orthofix and the remaining quadrants were bonded using Transbond XT In Group B, the quadrants were reversed Both groups were followed for a period of six months and were reviewed every 3-4 weeks If a bond failed, the details were recorded and the duration of treatment before each breakage was calculated Data were analyzed using Independent t-test and chi-square test (p Results The overall bond failure rate for 263 brackets was 27% for Orthofix and 36% for Transbond XT The mean esitmated survival time was 22158 days for Transbond XT and for Orthofix was 22007 days The difference between these mean values were statistically insignificant (p>005) Similarly, failure rates of the anterior and posterior segment were compared and no difference was observed between the groups (p>005) The maxillary and mandibular teeth were compared and more failures were found in the mandibular teeth among both the groups but they were not statistically significant (p>005) Conclusion The overall bond failure rate and mean survival time for Transbond XT was similar to Orthofix with no statistically significant difference

Comparative Evaluation of Two Bis-GMA Based Orthodontic Bonding Adhesives - A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: The initial leveling and aligning phase of orthodontic treatment involve the use of nickel titanium wires. The nickel titanium wires exhibit unique properties like shape memory and superelasticity. In the beginning, conventional nitinol wires were used, which lacked the superelastic property. Nowadays, superelastic nickel titanium wires are being used commonly. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficiency of Superelastic NITi in the initial alignment of orthodontic treatment in comparison with conventional NiTi and multistranded stainless steel archwires by measuring the amount of decrowding and the time taken for decrowding. Method: A systematic literature search was performed on Pubmed, Cochrane, Google scholar & Lilacs. Result: Thirty four studies were identified by the search and ten studies satisfied the inclusion criteria and one study was excluded after abstract reading. Finally nine articles were included for quality assessment. Conclusion: This systematic review concluded that there was no significant differences in the aligning efficiency of superelastic NiTi in comparison with conventional NiTi and multistranded stainless steel wires.

/pdf/a-systematic-review-on-aligning-efficiency-of-superelastic-4mmeus5noq.pdf

A Systematic review on aligning efficiency of superelastic NITI: in comparison with conventional NITI and multistranded stainless steel archwires

OBJECTIVE
This review aimed at analyzing the literature comparing vacuum-formed retainers and lingual-bonded retainers for maintaining treatment stability and periodontal health and evaluating retainer failure and patient satisfaction.


METHODS
Electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched. Only randomized controlled trials were involved. Risk of bias was evaluated using Risk of Bias 2 Tool. Meta-analysis was performed and certainty of evidence was assessed with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.


RESULTS
Five randomized controlled trials were included for qualitative analysis and 2 studies were included for quantitative analysis. Two studies concluded that lingual-bonded retainers were more effective than vacuum-formed retainers in maintaining treatment stability. Two studies had a high risk of bias and 3 studies had some concerns. No statistically significant difference in Little's Irregularity Index (standard mean difference = -0.10; P value = .61), inter-canine width (standard mean difference = 0.66; P value = .09), inter-molar width (standard mean difference = 0.08; P value = .85), arch length (standard mean difference = -0.18; P value = .60) between the 2 retainers was noted. Periodontal status and retainer failure rate (odds ratio= 2.28; P value = .23) were similar in both retainers. Patient discomfort, soreness, and speech difficulty were more with vacuum-formed retainers and oral hygiene maintenance was easier with vacuum-formed retainers.


CONCLUSION
A very low-level certainty of evidence suggests that both vacuum-formed retainers and lingual-bonded retainers were equally effective in maintaining treatment stability. Periodontal status and retainer failures were similar in both retainers. Vacuum-formed retainers were better for oral hygiene maintenance but were associated with discomfort, soreness, and speech difficulty than lingual-bonded retainers.

Vacuum-Formed Retainers Versus Lingual-Bonded Retainers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Stability of Treatment Outcomes in Orthodontically Treated Patients.

CONTEXT: Malocclusion can be defined as one in which the arches do not line up properly in any of the planes or one in which the position of the teeth deviates from the norm. Spacing in adults might been have inherited, acquired, or functional factors.OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of spacing in a particular South Indian community. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from patients who visited a private teaching hospital served as the basis for this investigation. By looking over medical records, data was gathered, and the data was then analysed.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: According to the current study, between the ages of 21 and 40, there were more men (60.6%) than women (39.35%). In the younger adult age group, previous dental extraction (35.89 percent) was the most frequent cause of spacing (21-40 years). Males outnumbered females (81.74 percent) in the age range of 41 to 60. (18.26 percent ). It is clear that periodontitis (43 percent) accounted for the majority of spacing issues among adults (41-60 years). CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates the many etiologies of spacing in two various age groups. According to the data, patients between the ages of 21 and 60 most frequently had their teeth extracted for periodontitis and caries. Numerous genetic[8] and environmental[9] factors have been linked to congenitally absent teeth. Innately missing teeth often have spacing that extends beyond the Abstract

Shantha Sundari

Papers

Stress distribution patterns at mini-implant site during retraction and intrusion--a three-dimensional finite element study.

Comparative Evaluation of Two Bis-GMA Based Orthodontic Bonding Adhesives - A Randomized Clinical Trial.

A Systematic review on aligning efficiency of superelastic NITI: in comparison with conventional NITI and multistranded stainless steel archwires

Vacuum-Formed Retainers Versus Lingual-Bonded Retainers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Stability of Treatment Outcomes in Orthodontically Treated Patients.

Prevalence of Spacing Malocclusion in Local Population Visiting a Dental College