자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

This is the second in a series of three articles 

Contrary to popular perception, qualitative research can produce vast amounts of data. These may include verbatim notes or transcribed recordings of interviews or focus groups, jotted notes and more detailed “fieldnotes” of observational research, a diary or chronological account, and the researcher's reflective notes made during the research. These data are not necessarily small scale: transcribing a typical single interview takes several hours and can generate 20–40 pages of single spaced text. Transcripts and notes are the raw data of the research. They provide a descriptive record of the research, but they cannot provide explanations. The researcher has to make sense of the data by sifting and interpreting them.

#### Summary points

Qualitative research produces large amounts of textual data in the form of transcripts and observational fieldnotes

The systematic and rigorous preparation and analysis of these data is time consuming and labour intensive

Data analysis often takes place alongside data collection to allow questions to be refined and new avenues of inquiry to develop

Textual data are typically explored inductively using content analysis to generate categories and explanations; software packages can help with analysis but should not be viewed as short cuts to rigorous and systematic analysis

High quality analysis of qualitative data depends on the skill, vision, and integrity of the researcher; it should not be left to the novice

In much qualitative research the analytical process begins during data collection as the data already gathered are analysed and shape the ongoing data collection. This sequential analysis1 or interim analysis2 has the advantage of allowing the researcher to go back and refine questions, develop hypotheses, and pursue emerging avenues of inquiry in further depth. Crucially, it also enables the researcher to look for deviant or negative cases; that is, …

https://faculty.washington.edu/jelmore/articles_online/Pope-QualResinHC-Ana.pdf

Analysing qualitative data

Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

to many, however, it constantly appears as an instructional problem. The final two chapters serve as excellent summary statements. Chapter 13 emphasizes the application of previous text material to the classroom situation. Of great significance is the author's discussion of commonly defined independent, dependent, and moderator variables. The final chapter focuses on evaluation in the overall sense, particularly as it relates to programs of study. The principles of measurement and research design are applied to the evaluation process through several ex-

Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application:

Part I. Qualitative Practice 1. An Invitation to Qualitative Research 2. Approaches to Qualitative Research 3. Designing Qualitative Approaches to Research 4. Ethics of Social Research Part II. Methods of Data Collection 5. In-Depth Interview 6. Oral History 7. Focus Group Interviews 8. Ethnography 9. Content Analysis and Unobtrusive Methods 10. Case Study 11. Mixed Methods Part III. Analysis and Interpretation 12. Analysis and Interpretation 13. The Writing and Representation of Qualitative Research 14. The Research Nexus

The Practice of Qualitative Research

Introduction - Udo Kelle An Overview of Computer-Aided Methods in Qualitative Research PART ONE: GENERAL METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES Computer Use in Qualitative Research and Issues of Validity - Udo Kelle and Heather Laurie User Experiences of Qualitative Data Analysis Software - Raymond M Lee and Nigel G Fielding Grounded Theory as an Emerging Paradigm for Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis - Marrku Lonkila Different Functions of Coding in the Analysis of Textual Data - John Seidel and Udo Kelle PART TWO: COMPUTERS AND QUALITATIVE THEORY BUILDING Introduction: Using Linkages and Networks for Theory Building - Gerald Prein and Udo Kelle in discussion with Lyn Richards and Tom Richards Reducing Fragmentation in Qualitative Research - Ian Dey Using Hierarchical Categories in Qualitative Data Analysis - Tom Richards and Lyn Richards Designing and Refining Hierarchical Coding Frames - Luis Araujo PART THREE: COMPUTERS AND QUALITATIVE HYPOTHESIS EXAMINATION Introduction - Udo Kelle in discussion with Ernest Sibert, Anne Shelly, Sharlene Hesse-Biber and G[um]unter L Huber Hypothesis Examination in Qualitative Research Using Logic Programming for Hypothesis Generation and Refinement - Ernest Sibert and Anne Shelly Hypothesis Testing in Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis - Sharlene Hesse-Biber and Paul Dupuis Qualitative Hypothesis Examination and Theory Building - G[um]unter L Huber PART FOUR: COMPUTERS AND TRIANGULATION Introduction - Gerald Prein and Udo Kuckartz in discussion with Edeltraud Roller, Charles C Ragin and Udo Kelle Between Quality and Quantity Case-Oriented Quantification - Udo Kuckartz Hermeneutic-Classificatory Content Analysis - Edeltraud Roller, Rainer Mathes and Thomas Eckert Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis to Study Configurations - Charles C Ragin An Overview of Software - Gerald Prein, Udo Kelle and Katherine Bird

Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis: Theory, Methods and Practice

Acknowledgments -- Preface -- An invitation to feminist research / Sharlene Hesse-Biber -- Feminist empiricism and standpoint theory : approaches to understanding the social world / Nancy A. Naples and Barbara Gurr -- Feminist postmodernism, poststructuralism and critical theory / Nollaig Frost and Frauke Elichaoff -- Ethics and feminist research / Linda Bell -- What is feminist ethnography? / Elana D. Buch and Karen M. Staller -- Feminist practice of action and community research / M. Brinton Lykes and Alison Crosby -- Feminist approaches to in-depth interviewing / Sharlene Hesse-Biber -- The practice of feminist focus groups / Jennie Munday -- Feminist media research / Heather McIntosh and Lisa Cuklanz -- Feminist survey research / Kathi Miner and Toby Jayaratne -- The feminist practice of program evaluation / Donna M. Mertens and Nichole Stewart -- Feminist approaches to mixed methods research / Sharlene Hesse-Biber -- Conclusion: putting together your research project / Sharlene Hesse-Biber.

Feminist research practice : a primer

Women at work

This article discusses how methodological practices can shape and limit how mixed methods is practiced and makes visible the current methodological assumptions embedded in mixed methods practice that can shut down a range of social inquiry. The article argues that there is a “methodological orthodoxy” in how mixed methods is practiced that currently favors quantitative methodologies, with a mixed methods praxis that positions qualitative methods second and quantitative methods as primary with an overall mixed methods design that is in the service of testing out quantitatively generated theories about the social world. This article upends the current methodological focus on positivism by centering qualitative approaches to mixed methods practice. A qualitative approach seeks to empower individuals’ stories with the goal of understanding how they how make meaning within their social world. Through intensive case studies this article demonstrates the synergy of combining methods in the service of qualitative...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800410364611

Sharlene Hesse-Biber

Papers

The Practice of Qualitative Research

Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis: Theory, Methods and Practice

Feminist research practice : a primer

Women at work

Qualitative Approaches to Mixed Methods Practice