자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

This is the second in a series of three articles 

Contrary to popular perception, qualitative research can produce vast amounts of data. These may include verbatim notes or transcribed recordings of interviews or focus groups, jotted notes and more detailed “fieldnotes” of observational research, a diary or chronological account, and the researcher's reflective notes made during the research. These data are not necessarily small scale: transcribing a typical single interview takes several hours and can generate 20–40 pages of single spaced text. Transcripts and notes are the raw data of the research. They provide a descriptive record of the research, but they cannot provide explanations. The researcher has to make sense of the data by sifting and interpreting them.

#### Summary points

Qualitative research produces large amounts of textual data in the form of transcripts and observational fieldnotes

The systematic and rigorous preparation and analysis of these data is time consuming and labour intensive

Data analysis often takes place alongside data collection to allow questions to be refined and new avenues of inquiry to develop

Textual data are typically explored inductively using content analysis to generate categories and explanations; software packages can help with analysis but should not be viewed as short cuts to rigorous and systematic analysis

High quality analysis of qualitative data depends on the skill, vision, and integrity of the researcher; it should not be left to the novice

In much qualitative research the analytical process begins during data collection as the data already gathered are analysed and shape the ongoing data collection. This sequential analysis1 or interim analysis2 has the advantage of allowing the researcher to go back and refine questions, develop hypotheses, and pursue emerging avenues of inquiry in further depth. Crucially, it also enables the researcher to look for deviant or negative cases; that is, …

https://faculty.washington.edu/jelmore/articles_online/Pope-QualResinHC-Ana.pdf

Analysing qualitative data

Course Description In this course, we will explore the question of the actual and potential connections between democracy and education. Our focus of attention will be placed on a critical examination of democratic theory and its implications for the civic education roles and contributions of teachers, adult educators, community development practitioners, and community organizers. We will survey and deal critically with a range of competing conceptions of democracy, variously described as classical, republican, liberal, radical, marxist, neomarxist, pragmatist, feminist, populist, pluralist, postmodern, and/or participatory. Using narrative inquiry as a means for illuminating and interpreting contemporary practice, we will analyze the implications of different conceptions of democracy for the practical work of civic education.

Democracy and education.

A Treatise on the Family. G. S. Becker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1981. Gary Becker is one of the most famous and influential economists of the second half of the 20th century, a fervent contributor to and expounder of the University of Chicago free-market philosophy, and winner of the 1992 Nobel Prize in economics. Although any book with the word "treatise" in its title is clearly intended to have an impact, one coming from someone as brilliant and controversial as Becker certainly had such a lofty goal. It has received many article-length reviews in several disciplines (Ben-Porath, 1982; Bergmann, 1995; Foster, 1993; Hannan, 1982), which is one measure of its scholarly importance, and yet its impact is, I think, less than it may have initially appeared, especially for scholars with substantive interests in the family. This book is, its title notwithstanding, more about economics and the economic approach to behavior than about the family. In the first sentence of the preface, Becker writes "In this book, I develop an economic or rational choice approach to the family." Lest anyone accuse him of focusing on traditional (i.e., material) economics topics, such as family income, poverty, and labor supply, he immediately emphasizes that those topics are not his focus. "My intent is more ambitious: to analyze marriage, births, divorce, division of labor in households, prestige, and other non-material behavior with the tools and framework developed for material behavior." Indeed, the book includes chapters on many of these issues. One chapter examines the principles of the efficient division of labor in households, three analyze marriage and divorce, three analyze various child-related issues (fertility and intergenerational mobility), and others focus on broader family issues, such as intrafamily resource allocation. His analysis is not, he believes, constrained by time or place. His intention is "to present a comprehensive analysis that is applicable, at least in part, to families in the past as well as the present, in primitive as well as modern societies, and in Eastern as well as Western cultures." His tone is profoundly conservative and utterly skeptical of any constructive role for government programs. There is a clear sense of how much better things were in the old days of a genderbased division of labor and low market-work rates for married women. Indeed, Becker is ready and able to show in Chapter 2 that such a state of affairs was efficient and induced not by market or societal discrimination (although he allows that it might exist) but by small underlying household productivity differences that arise primarily from what he refers to as "complementarities" between caring for young children while carrying another to term. Most family scholars would probably find that an unconvincingly simple explanation for a profound and complex phenomenon. What, then, is the salient contribution of Treatise on the Family? It is not literally the idea that economics could be applied to the nonmarket sector and to family life because Becker had already established that with considerable success and influence. At its core, microeconomics is simple, characterized by a belief in the importance of prices and markets, the role of self-interested or rational behavior, and, somewhat less centrally, the stability of preferences. It was Becker's singular and invaluable contribution to appreciate that the behaviors potentially amenable to the economic approach were not limited to phenomenon with explicit monetary prices and formal markets. Indeed, during the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, he did undeniably important and pioneering work extending the domain of economics to such topics as labor market discrimination, fertility, crime, human capital, household production, and the allocation of time. Nor is Becker's contribution the detailed analyses themselves. Many of them are, frankly, odd, idiosyncratic, and off-putting. …

A Treatise on the Family

Vom Einzelfall zum Typus

Seit den spaten 1960er Jahren haben Barney GLASER und Anselm STRAUSS, die Begrunder der Methodologie der "Grounded Theory", eine Reihe von Versuchen unternommen, grundlegende Konzepte und Annahmen dieses Ansatzes zu explizieren und zu rekonzeptualisieren. Hieraus sind unterschiedliche und zum Teil einander widersprechende Konzeptionen hervorgegangen, die schlieslich sogar einen Bruch zwischen GLASER und STRAUSS mit sich brachten.
Wichtige Aspekte der Uberarbeitung und Weiterentwicklung der "Grounded Theory" beziehen sich auf das Verhaltnis zwischen empirischen Daten und theoretischen Konzepten und auf die Bedeutung theoretischen Vorwissens. Die Monographie, die die Popularitat der methodologischen Ideen von GLASER und STRAUSS ursprunglich begrundete, "The Discovery of Grounded Theory", enthalt dabei zwei divergierende Konzepte des Empirie-Theorieverhaltnisses: das Konzept des "Emergierens" theoretischer Konzepte einerseits und andererseits das Konzept der "theoretischen Sensibilitat". Die spateren Entwicklungen der Grounded Theory lassen sich als Versuche verstehen diese ursprunglich konfligierenden Konzepte miteinander zu vereinbaren, wobei GLASER empfiehlt, bei der empirisch begrundeten Theoriebildung auf eine grose Zahl sog. "Kodierfamilien" zuruckzugreifen, wohingegen STRAUSS die Verwendung einer allgemeinen Handlungstheorie als "Achse" der Konstruktion der entstehenden Theorie empfiehlt.
Der Beitrag fasst zuerst die wichtigsten Entwicklungen der "Grounded Theory", die das Verhaltnis zwischen Theorie und Daten betreffen, zusammen. Dabei werden die zentralen Unterschiede zwischen GLASERs und STRAUSS' Konzepten behandelt und ausfuhrlich auf GLASERs Kritik eingegangen, wonach die von STRAUSS und CORBIN beschriebenen Begriffe des "Kodierparadigmas" und der "axialen Kodierung" dazu fuhren, dass den Daten theoretische Konzepte "aufgezwungen" werden, anstatt aus ihnen zu "emergieren". Es wird gezeigt, das GLASERs Kritik tatsachlich bestehende Schwachen des STRAUSS'schen und CORBIN'schen Ansatzes thematisiert, die hierin liegenden Risiken aber in ihrer Bedeutung weit uberschatzt. Ein zentrales Argument dieses Beitrags lautet, dass grundlegende Probleme empirisch begrundeter Theoriebildung wesentlich effektiver behandelt werden konnen, wenn man explizit Bezug nimmt auf zeitgenossische wissenschaftsphilosophische Debatten und auf dort entwickelte, heute allgemein akzeptierte Konzepte. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Kritik des Naiven Realismus und Empirismus, die Konzepte des hypothetischen und abduktiven Schliesens und das Konzept des empirischen Gehalts bzw. der Falsifizierbarkeit von Aussagen.
URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0502275

/pdf/emergence-vs-forcing-of-empirical-data-a-crucial-problem-of-17bs38up1b.pdf

"Emergence" vs. "Forcing" of Empirical Data? A Crucial Problem of "Grounded Theory" Reconsidered

Introduction - Udo Kelle An Overview of Computer-Aided Methods in Qualitative Research PART ONE: GENERAL METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES Computer Use in Qualitative Research and Issues of Validity - Udo Kelle and Heather Laurie User Experiences of Qualitative Data Analysis Software - Raymond M Lee and Nigel G Fielding Grounded Theory as an Emerging Paradigm for Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis - Marrku Lonkila Different Functions of Coding in the Analysis of Textual Data - John Seidel and Udo Kelle PART TWO: COMPUTERS AND QUALITATIVE THEORY BUILDING Introduction: Using Linkages and Networks for Theory Building - Gerald Prein and Udo Kelle in discussion with Lyn Richards and Tom Richards Reducing Fragmentation in Qualitative Research - Ian Dey Using Hierarchical Categories in Qualitative Data Analysis - Tom Richards and Lyn Richards Designing and Refining Hierarchical Coding Frames - Luis Araujo PART THREE: COMPUTERS AND QUALITATIVE HYPOTHESIS EXAMINATION Introduction - Udo Kelle in discussion with Ernest Sibert, Anne Shelly, Sharlene Hesse-Biber and G[um]unter L Huber Hypothesis Examination in Qualitative Research Using Logic Programming for Hypothesis Generation and Refinement - Ernest Sibert and Anne Shelly Hypothesis Testing in Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis - Sharlene Hesse-Biber and Paul Dupuis Qualitative Hypothesis Examination and Theory Building - G[um]unter L Huber PART FOUR: COMPUTERS AND TRIANGULATION Introduction - Gerald Prein and Udo Kuckartz in discussion with Edeltraud Roller, Charles C Ragin and Udo Kelle Between Quality and Quantity Case-Oriented Quantification - Udo Kuckartz Hermeneutic-Classificatory Content Analysis - Edeltraud Roller, Rainer Mathes and Thomas Eckert Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis to Study Configurations - Charles C Ragin An Overview of Software - Gerald Prein, Udo Kelle and Katherine Bird

Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis: Theory, Methods and Practice

The Development of Categories: Different Approaches in Grounded Theory

Despite ongoing ‘paradigm wars’ between the methodological traditions of qualitative and quantitative research, ‘mixed methods’ represents nowadays a rapidly developing field of social science methodology. In such discussions it is often emphasized that the use of methods should be predominantly influenced by substantive research questions, and not only by methodological and epistemological considerations. As all methods have specific limitations as well as particular strengths, many discussants propose that qualitative and quantitative methods should be combined in order to compensate for their mutual and overlapping weaknesses. However, although a variety of proposals have been made for a taxonomy of mixed-methods designs, there is yet a lack of agreement regarding basic concepts and definitions, as is bemoaned by many experts in this field. This lack of common ground is due to the fact that crucial questions regarding the relations between research domains and methods have been not sufficiently discuss...

Udo Kelle

Papers

Vom Einzelfall zum Typus

"Emergence" vs. "Forcing" of Empirical Data? A Crucial Problem of "Grounded Theory" Reconsidered

Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis: Theory, Methods and Practice

The Development of Categories: Different Approaches in Grounded Theory

Combining qualitative and quantitative methods in research practice: purposes and advantages