Sheldon X. Zhang

TL;DR: A review of literature on sex trafficking since 2000 reveals that numerous articles have been published in scholarly journals but few are based on systematic primary data collection as discussed by the authors, which suggests that much of our current knowledge, including statistical estimates and characteristics of the trafficking business, derives from a handful reports issued by government and non-government agencies.

TL;DR: The authors examines the inner workings of Chinese human smuggling organizations and discusses the theoretical implications of their unique organizational characteristics, such as clear divisions of labor with limited hierarchical structures and temporary alliances to carry out smuggling operations.

TL;DR: In the late 1990s, California legislators funded a statewide, community-based correctional program intended to reduce parolee recidivism as mentioned in this paper, which provided literacy training, employment services, housing assistance, and substance abuse treatment to tens of thousands of parolees.

TL;DR: The authors used an organizational framework to examine the case of Chinese human smuggling to the United States and found that the limited place of violence and turf as organizing features of human smuggling, the importance of interpersonal networks in defining and facilitating smuggling operations, gender ideologies about work and caregiving, and the impact of safety as an overriding concern for clients combine to create a more meaningful niche for women in human smuggling operations than is found in other criminal endeavors.

TL;DR: This paper reviewed major challenges in the conceptual clarification and empirical inquiry of labor trafficking and called for greater efforts on primary data collection that measures the incidence and prevalence of labor-trafficking activities in the U.S.