抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) or porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are open, crystalline supramolecular coordination architectures with porous facets. These chemically tailorable framework materials are the subject of intense and expansive research, and are particularly relevant in the fields of sensory materials and device engineering. As the subfield of MOF-based sensing has developed, many diverse chemical functionalities have been carefully and rationally implanted into the coordination nanospace of MOF materials. MOFs with widely varied fluorometric sensing properties have been developed using the design principles of crystal engineering and structure–property correlations, resulting in a large and rapidly growing body of literature. This work has led to advancements in a number of crucial sensing domains, including biomolecules, environmental toxins, explosives, ionic species, and many others. Furthermore, new classes of MOF sensory materials utilizing advanced signal transduction by devices based on MOF photonic crystals and thin films have been developed. This comprehensive review summarizes the topical developments in the field of luminescent MOF and MOF-based photonic crystals/thin film sensory materials.

Metal-organic frameworks: functional luminescent and photonic materials for sensing applications.

R J Baxter 1982 London: Academic xii + 486 pp price £43.60 Over the past few years there has been a growing belief that all the twodimensional lattice statistical models will eventually be solved and that it will be Professor Baxter who solves them. Baxter has inherited the mantle of Onsager who started the process by solving exactly the two-dimensional Ising model in 1944.

Exactly Solved Models in Statistical Mechanics

: The unpolarized absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the fundamental vibrational transitions of the chiral molecule, 4-methyl-2-oxetanone, are calculated ab initio. Harmonic force fields are obtained using Density Functional Theory (DFT), MP2, and SCF methodologies and a 5S4P2D/3S2P (TZ2P) basis set. DFT calculations use the Local Spin Density Approximation (LSDA), BLYP, and Becke3LYP (B3LYP) density functionals. Mid-IR spectra predicted using LSDA, BLYP, and B3LYP force fields are of significantly different quality, the B3LYP force field yielding spectra in clearly superior, and overall excellent, agreement with experiment. The MP2 force field yields spectra in slightly worse agreement with experiment than the B3LYP force field. The SCF force field yields spectra in poor agreement with experiment.The basis set dependence of B3LYP force fields is also explored: the 6-31G* and TZ2P basis sets give very similar results while the 3-21G basis set yields spectra in substantially worse agreements with experiment. jg

Ab initio calculation of vibrational absorption and circular dichroism spectra using density functional force fields

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) colour centre in diamond is an important physical system for emergent quantum technologies, including quantum metrology, information processing and communications, as well as for various nanotechnologies, such as biological and sub-diffraction limit imaging, and for tests of entanglement in quantum mechanics. Given this array of existing and potential applications and the almost 50 years of NV research, one would expect that the physics of the centre is well understood, however, the study of the NV centre has proved challenging, with many early assertions now believed false and many remaining issues yet to be resolved. This review represents the first time that the key empirical and ab initio results have been extracted from the extensive NV literature and assembled into one consistent picture of the current understanding of the centre. As a result, the key unresolved issues concerning the NV centre are identified and the possible avenues for their resolution are examined.

The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond

Basic chemical kinetics

In view of the rapid growth in both experimental and theoretical studies of multiphoton processes and multiphoton spectroscopy of atoms, ions, and molecules in chemistry, physics, biology and material sciences, this series contains review papers exploring the growth. They are readable not only by active researchers in these areas but also by those who are not experts in the field but intend to enter the field.

Advances in Multi-Photon Processes and Spectroscopy

Multiphoton Spectroscopy of Molecules

In this paper, we generalize the F\"orster-Dexter theory to treat photoinduced electronic energy transfer for a system in dense media and for an isolated system (i.e., a system in the collision-free condition). Instead of expressing the rate of energy transfer in terms of spectral overlap, we obtain the expression of the energy-transfer rate constant by evaluating a Fourier integral using the saddle-point method. In this way, the energy-gap dependence and the effect of temperature and the isotope effect on the energy transfer can be easily studied. The effect of bridge groups connecting between donor and acceptor on the energy transfer is also studied.

Generalized Förster-Dexter theory of photoinduced intramolecular energy transfer

Time-resolved pump–probe spectra of 1,1′,3,3,3′,3′-hexamethyl-4,4′,5,5′-dibenzo-2,2′indotricarbocyanine (HDITC), a cyanine dye, in ethylene glycol are obtained using 11 fs and 90 fs duration pulses and analyzed in order to study its potential energy surfaces and vibrational dynamics. Ten oscillatory frequencies ranging from 30 cm−1 to 1400 cm−1 are observed in the 11 fs duration wavelength-resolved pump–probe measurements. They are assigned as fundamental vibrational frequencies of HDITC. The relative displacements of the equilibrium position between electronic excited and ground states along the resolved ten vibrational modes are determined through the wavelength dependence of the oscillatory amplitude. After considering the contributions of the ten vibrational modes, it is found that most of the Stokes shift and the early fast decays of the pump–probe signals are due to relaxation along the low frequency overdamped modes of the chromophore. The overdamped modes are characterized by the 90 fs pump–probe signals with the excitation at the red edge of the absorption band.

Sheng Hsien Lin

Papers

Basic chemical kinetics

Advances in Multi-Photon Processes and Spectroscopy

Multiphoton Spectroscopy of Molecules

Generalized Förster-Dexter theory of photoinduced intramolecular energy transfer

Femtosecond pump-probe study of molecular vibronic structures and dynamics of a cyanine dye in solution