Ferroelectric ceramics were born in the early 1940s with the discovery of the phenomenon of ferroelectricity as the source of the unusually high dielectric constant in ceramic barium titanate capacitors. Since that time, they have been the heart and soul of several multibillion dollar industries, ranging from high-dielectric-constant capacitors to later developments in piezoelectric transducers, positive temperature coefficient devices, and electrooptic light valves. Materials based on two compositional systems, barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate, have dominated the field throughout their history. The more recent developments in the field of ferroelectric ceramics, such as medical ultrasonic composites, high-displacement piezoelectric actuators (Moonies, RAINBOWS), photostrictors, and thin and thick films for piezoelectric and integrated-circuit applications have served to keep the industry young amidst its growing maturity. Various ceramic formulations, their form (bulk, films), fabrication, function (properties), and future are described in relation to their ferroelectric nature and specific areas of application.

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Ferroelectric ceramics : History and technology

Fabrication of perovskite lead magnesium niobate

The analysis of various parameters of metal oxides and the search of criteria, which could be used during material selection for solid-state gas sensor applications, were the main objectives of this review. For these purposes the correlation between electro-physical (band gap, electroconductivity, type of conductivity, oxygen diffusion), thermodynamic, surface, electronic, structural properties, catalytic activity and gas-sensing characteristics of metal oxides designed for solid-state sensors was established. It has been discussed the role of metal oxide manufacturability, chemical activity, and parameter's stability in sensing material choice as well.

Metal oxides for solid-state gas sensors: What determines our choice?

Most research to develop highly transparent and conductive thin films has focused on n-type semiconductors consisting of metal oxides. Historically, transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin films composed of binary compounds such as SnO2 and In2O3 were developed by means of chemical- and physical-deposition methods. Impurity-doped SnO2 (Sb- or F-doped SnO2, e.g., SnO2:Sb or SnO2: F) and In2O3: Sn (indium tin oxide, ITO) films are in practical use. In addition to binary compounds, ternary compounds such as Cd2SnO4, CdSnO3, and CdIn2O4 were developed prior to 1980, but their TCO films have not yet been used widely.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0883769400027159

New n-Type Transparent Conducting Oxides

In the recent past a great deal of research efforts were directed toward the development of miniaturized gas-sensing devices, particularly for toxic gas detection and for pollution monitoring. Though various techniques are available for gas detection, solid state metal oxides offer a wide spectrum of materials and their sensitivities for different gaseous species, making it a better choice over other options. In this article a critical parameter analysis of different metal oxides that are known to be sensitive to various gaseous species are thoroughly examined. This includes phase of the oxide, sensing gaseous species, operating temperature range, and physical form of the material for the development of integrated gas sensors. The oxides that are covered in this study include oxides of aluminum, bismuth, cadmium, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, indium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, ruthenium, tantalum, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zinc, zirconium, and the mixed or...

Oxide Materials for Development of Integrated Gas Sensors—A Comprehensive Review

Ceramic and electrical properties and crystal structures of the system Pb(Mgl/3Nb2/3- PbTiO3-PbZrO3 are described. The system is composed of three crystal phases at room temperature: pseudocubic, tetragonal, and rhombohedral. A high dielectric constant and radial coupling coefficient and low resonant resistance were obtained for the compositions near the morphotropic transformation. The composition Pb(Mgl/3Nb2/3)0.4375Ti0.4375Zr0.125O3 had the lowest temperature coefficient of resonant frequency.

Piezoelectric Properties of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3—PbTiO3—PbZrO3 Solid Solution Ceramics

This book presents a concise, comprehensive overview of sputter deposition technology, a key technology for materials research in the next decade. Cathode sputtering is widely used in the microelectronics industry for silicon integrated circuit production and for metallurgical coatings. High temperature superconductors can be synthesized with sputtering under non-equilibrium conditions. Diamond films and ferroelectric materials are other applications.

Handbook of sputter deposition technology : principles, technology, and applications

The crystalline phase, microstructure, semiconduction, and humidity-sensitive electrical conduction of MgCr2O4-TiO2 ceramics were studied. A solid solution with TiO2 up to 30 mol% occurs as a single phase with a pure MgCr2O4-type spinel structure. The humidity-sensitive electrical conduction of the MgCr2O4-TiO2 porous ceramics is the most promising for humidity-sensing devices.

Shigeru Hayakawa

Papers

Piezoelectric Properties of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3—PbTiO3—PbZrO3 Solid Solution Ceramics

Handbook of sputter deposition technology : principles, technology, and applications

Humidity-Sensitive Electrical Conduction of MgCr2O4-TiO2 Porous Ceramics

Electrical Properties of Tin Oxide Ultrafine Particle Films

High-pressure Synthesis of Perovskite-Type Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3