Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Chloroplast DNA sequences are a primary source of data for plant molecular systematic studies. A few key papers have provided the molecular systematics community with universal primer pairs for noncoding regions that have dominated the field, namely trnL-trnF and trnK/matK. These two regions have provided adequate information to resolve species relationships in some taxa, but often provide little resolution at low taxonomic levels. To obtain better phylogenetic resolution, sequence data from these regions are often coupled with other sequence data. Choosing an appropriate cpDNA region for phylogenetic investigation is difficult because of the scarcity of information about the tempo of evolutionary rates among different noncoding cpDNA regions. The focus of this investigation was to determine whether there is any predictable rate heterogeneity among 21 noncoding cpDNA regions identified as phylogenetically useful at low levels. To test for rate heterogeneity among the different cpDNA regions, we used three species from each of 10 groups representing eight major phylogenetic lineages of phanerogams. The results of this study clearly show that a survey using as few as three representative taxa can be predictive of the amount of phylogenetic information offered by a cpDNA region and that rate heterogeneity exists among noncoding cpDNA regions.

The tortoise and the hare II: relative utility of 21 noncoding chloroplast DNA sequences for phylogenetic analysis

What determines the number and size of the seeds produced by a plant? How often should it reproduce them? How often should a plant produce them? Why and how are seeds dispersed, and what are the implications for the diversity and composition of vegetation? These are just some of the questions tackled in this wide-ranging review of the role of seeds in the ecology of plants. The authors bring together information on the ecological aspects of seed biology, starting with a consideration of reproductive strategies in seed plants and progressing through the life cycle, covering seed maturation, dispersal, storage in the soil, dormancy, germination, seedling establishment, and regeneration in the field. The text encompasses a wide range of concepts of general relevance to plant ecology, reflecting the central role that the study of seed ecology has played in elucidating many fundamental aspects of plant community function.

The ecology of seeds

Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, rbcL, and atpB sequences

A list of 1719 chemical compounds identified from headspace samples of floral scent is presented. The list has been compiled from some 270 published papers, including analyses of 991 species of flowering plants and a few gymnosperms, a sample including seed plants from 90 families and 38 orders. The compounds belong to seven major compound classes, of which the aliphatics, the benzenoids and phenylpropanoids, and, among the terpenes, the mono- and sesquiterpenes, occur in most orders of seeds plants. C5-branched compounds, irregular terpenes, nitrogen-containing compounds, and a class of miscellaneous cyclic compounds have been recorded in about two-thirds of the orders. Sulfur-containing compounds occur in a third of the orders, whereas diterpenes have been reported from three orders only. The most common single compounds in floral scent are the monoterpenes limonene, (E)-β-ocimene, myrcene, linalool, α- and β-pinene, and the benzenoids benzaldehyde, methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (methyl salicylate), benzyl alcohol, and 2-phenyl ethanol, which occur in 54–71% of the families investigated so far. The sesquiterpene caryophyllene and the irregular terpene 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one are also common and occur in more than 50% of the families. Orchidaceae are by far the best investigated family, followed by several families known to have many species with strongly scented flowers, such as Araceae, Arecaceae, Magnoliaceae, and Rosaceae. However, the majority of angiosperm families are still poorly investigated. Relationships between floral scent and pollination, chemistry, evolution, and phylogeny are briefly discussed. It is concluded that floral scent chemistry is of little use for phylogenetic estimates above the genus level, whereas the distribution and combinations of floral scent compounds at species and subspecific levels is a promising field of investigation for the understanding of adaptations and evolutionary processes in angiosperms.

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Diversity and Distribution of Floral Scent

Coleoptera and Diptera are the primary pollinators of extant basal angiosperms (wind pollination is rare); lineages of these insects were established by the Late Jurassic. Contemporary examples of insect pollination of nonangiosperm plants are present in Gnetales (flies, moths) and Cycadales (beetles). The breeding systems of extant basal angiosperms are dominated by bisexual, protogynous, fragrant flowers that may form chambers in the female phase. Floral thermogenesis is widely distributed throughout the extant basal angiosperms (Nymphaeaceae, Illiciaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Magnoliaceae, and Annonaceae), into the basal monocots (Araceae) and extends into the advanced monocots (Arecaceae and Cyclanthaceae) and eudicots (only one family, Nelumbonaceae). The cycads are the only other plant group with heat‐producing reproductive structures (male and female cones). Flower temperatures of thermogenic plants are in the range required by endothermic insects for purposes of mating and flight, and it is hypothesi...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/317575

New Perspectives on the Pollination Biology of Basal Angiosperms

1 We used isozyme variation to examine the genet structure of Uvularia perfoliata patches in gap and closed canopy habitats in a temperate deciduous forest in Maryland, USA.



2 A large patch in a gap habitat was composed of a small number of widely spread genets with many ramets, and a large number of genets with more restricted distribution and few ramets. Genets with many ramets were patchily distributed at a metre scale. Analysis of genet structure on a scale of square centimetres, however, revealed that the genets were highly intermingled with no clear boundaries between them. The presence at both scales of sampling of many genets with unique multilocus genotypes indicated continuing genet recruitment within the population.



3 In the closed canopy habitat, the patches examined were each composed of a single unique multilocus genotype, suggesting that each had developed by asexual propagation following the establishment of a single genet.



4 The clonal structure of U. perfoliata patches in both gap and closed canopy habitats therefore appears to depend on recruitment patterns of genets. Populations in closed canopy habitats are characterized by a ‘waiting’ strategy, in which asexual ramet production maintains populations until genet recruitment by seed production can occur under the more optimal conditions associated with canopy gaps. Extended sampling suggests that the genetic diversity of U. perfoliata populations is primarily controlled by the disturbance regime of the forest canopy.

Genet structure and determinants of clonal structure in a temperate deciduous woodland herb, Uvularia perfoliata

(disjuncts), however, have similar chemical profiles. A molecular phylogeny of Magnoliaceae was constructed to reveal phylogenetic relationships of taxa by sequencing the trnK intron (including the matK coding region), psbA-trnH, and atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer regions of chloroplast DNA from 25 Magnolia, two Michelia, and two Liriodendron taxa. The psbA-trnH spacer region showed twice the sequence divergence (0.0157) of the trnK intron (0.0073) or the matK coding region (0.0077). The strict consensus tree constructed from the combined data set (ca. 3,700 bp) indicated the genus Magnolia was polyphyletic containing Michelia species as ingroup. The clade of Magnolia liliifera var. obovata, M. coco, and M. delavayi formed the first branch. Among the remaining species, two additional large clades were recognized, i.e., one comprised of American evergreen Magnolia species and another of subgenus Yulania. The relationship among sect. Rytidospermum taxa was not clearly resolved. Parsimonious mapping of the floral scent chemical characters was performed onto the molecular phylogenetic tree to discuss evolutionary trends of the floral scent chemistries.

Molecular Phylogeny of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) Inferred from cpDNA Sequences and Evolutionary Divergence of the Floral Scents

Life History Characteristics and Survivorship of Erythronium Japonicum. The Productive and Reproductive Biology of Flowering Plants V.

Coding regions of the rbcL and matK genes of cpDNA were sequenced to analyze phylogenetic relationships of the family Liliaceae sensu stricto, including the major 16 genera of Medeoloideae and Lilioideae of the Liliaceae, in reference to several genera such as Scoliopus, Uvularia, Disporum, and Trillium used as outgoups. The results were congruent with the taxonomic concept of Liliaceae sensu stricto recently proposed by Tamura (1998). The inter- and infrageneric relationships in the genus Lilium and allied taxa were then analyzed based upon the rbcL and matK gene sequencing data, using Medeola and Erythronium as outgroups. The rbcL gene has evolved more slowly than matK and its phylogenetic resolution has been poor as a result of the low base substitution rates; whereas the matK gene has shown a much higher base substitution: 104 variable sites (including 80 informative sites) out of 1641 base pairs were detected. In addition, a remarkably high number of indels, i.e. 19 insertion/deletion events, were detected in the matK gene, which provided us with new evidence for structural changes of this gene within the genus Lilium and allied taxa. Phylogenetic analyses based on the majority rule of the sequence data of matK gene revealed that the genus Lilium consists of three different major clades, including taxa that were placed into different sections by earlier taxonomic treatments, and thus the results of molecular systematic analysis was not congruent with sectional delimitations of the genus Lilium based on the morphological characters. Nomocharis pardanthina and Nomocharis saluenensis were ingroup taxa of Lilium. Notholirion, Cardiocrinum, and Fritillaria turned out to be sister groups to Lilium. An evaluation of the morphological and life-history characteristics was also attempted in light of the molecular phylogeny.

Molecular systematics of Lilium and allied genera (Liliaceae): phylogenetic relationships among Lilium and related genera based on the rbcL and matK gene sequence data

Shoichi Kawano

Papers

New Perspectives on the Pollination Biology of Basal Angiosperms

Genet structure and determinants of clonal structure in a temperate deciduous woodland herb, Uvularia perfoliata

Molecular Phylogeny of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) Inferred from cpDNA Sequences and Evolutionary Divergence of the Floral Scents

Life History Characteristics and Survivorship of Erythronium Japonicum. The Productive and Reproductive Biology of Flowering Plants V.

Molecular systematics of Lilium and allied genera (Liliaceae): phylogenetic relationships among Lilium and related genera based on the rbcL and matK gene sequence data