Fluoride is one of the anionic contaminants which is found in excess in surface or groundwater because of geochemical reactions or anthropogenic activities such as the disposal of industrial wastewaters. Among various methods used for defluoridation of water such as coagulation, precipitation, membrane processes, electrolytic treatment, ion-exchange, the adsorption process is widely used. It offers satisfactory results and seems to be a more attractive method for the removal of fluoride in terms of cost, simplicity of design and operation. Various conventional and non-conventional adsorbents have been assessed for the removal of fluoride from water. In this review, a list of various adsorbents (oxides and hydroxides, biosorbents, geomaterials, carbonaceous materials and industrial products and by-products) and its modifications from literature are surveyed and their adsorption capacities under various conditions are compared. The effect of other impurities on fluoride removal has also been discussed. This survey showed that various adsorbents, especially binary and trimetal oxides and hydroxides, have good potential for the fluoride removal from aquatic environments.

/pdf/a-review-on-adsorption-of-fluoride-from-aqueous-solution-3ntdypa47h.pdf

A Review on Adsorption of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution

We report a new strategy for efficient removal of F- from contaminated water streams, and it relies on carbon hybrid membranes made of amyloid fibril/ZrO2 nanoparticles (<10 nm). These membranes exhibit superior selectivity for F- against various competitive ions, with a distribution coefficient (Kd ) as high as 6820 mL g-1 , exceeding commercial ion-exchange resins (IRA-900) by 180 times and outdoing the performance of most commercial carbon-activated aluminum membranes. At both low and high (ca. 200 mg L-1 ) F- concentrations, the membrane efficiency exceeds 99.5 % removal. For real untreated municipal tap water (ca. 2.8 mg L-1 ) under continuous operating mode, data indicates that about 1750 kg water m-2 membrane can be treated while maintaining drinking water quality, and the saturated membranes can be regenerated and reused several times without decrease in performance. This technology is promising for mitigating the problem of fluoride water contamination worldwide.

Selective and Efficient Removal of Fluoride from Water: In Situ Engineered Amyloid Fibril/ZrO2 Hybrid Membranes.

Here we fabricated a novel nanocomposite HZO-201, an encapsulated nanosized hydrous zirconium oxide (HZO) within a commercial porous polystyrene anion exchanger D201, for highly efficient defluoridation of water. HZO-201 exhibited much higher preference than activated alumina and D201 toward fluoride removal when competing anions (chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and bicarbonate) coexisted at relatively high levels. Fixed column adsorption indicated that the effective treatable volume of water with HZO-201 was about 7-14 times as much as with D201 irrespective of whether synthetic solution or groundwater was the feeding solution. In addition, HZO-201 could treat >3000 BV of the acidic effluent (around 3.5 mg F(-)/L) per run at pH 3.5, compared to only ∼4 BV with D201. The exhausted HZO-201 could be regenerated by NaOH solution for repeated use without any significant capacity loss. Such attractive performance of HZO-201 resulted from its specific hybrid structure, that is, the host anion exchanger D201 favors the preconcentration of fluoride ions inside the polymer based on the Donnan principle, and the encapsulated nanosized HZO exhibits preferable sequestration of fluoride through specific interaction, as further demonstrated by XPS spectra. The influence of solution pH, competitive anions, and contact time was also examined. The results suggested that HZO-201 has a great potential in efficient defluoridation of groundwater and acidic mine drainage.

Enhanced Removal of Fluoride by Polystyrene Anion Exchanger Supported Hydrous Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles

When activated carbon (AC) is modified with zirconium(IV) by impregnation or precipitation, the fluoride adsorption capacity is typically improved. There is significant potential to improve these hybrid sorbents by controlling the impregnation conditions, which determine the assembly and dispersion of the Zr phases on carbon surfaces. Here, commercial activated carbon was modified with Zr(IV) together with oxalic acid (OA) used to maximize the zirconium dispersion and enhance fluoride adsorption. Adsorption experiments were carried out at pH 7 and 25 °C with a fluoride concentration of 40 mg L–1. The OA/Zr ratio was varied to determine the optimal conditions for subsequent fluoride adsorption. The data was analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. FTIR, XPS, and the surface charge distribution were performed to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. Potentiometric titrations showed that the modified activated carbon (ZrOx-AC) possesses positive charge at pH lower than 7, and FTIR analysis d...

Zirconium-carbon hybrid sorbent for removal of fluoride from water: oxalic acid mediated Zr(IV) assembly and adsorption mechanism

Aluminium fumarate metal-organic framework: A super adsorbent for fluoride from water

Remediating fluoride from water using hydrous zirconium oxide

The invention relates to a composite metal oxide de-fluoridation adsorbent and a preparation method therefor. The composite metal oxide de-fluoridation adsorbent contains Zr and Fe. The preparation method for the composite metal oxide de-fluoridation adsorbent comprises the following steps: carrying out coprecipitation reaction on Fe-containing compound and Zr-containing compound, and then formingthe composite metal oxide de-fluoridation adsorbent by the drying. The composite metal oxide de-fluoridation adsorbent is suitable for being used under the neutral condition, the stability is good, and the adsorption capacity for fluorine is high. Under the neutral condition, the adsorption capacity for fluorine in water can reach 54.5-78.38mg/g under the near-neutral condition, and the de-fluoridation efficiency is higher than the normally-used de-fluoridation adsorption material.

Composite metal oxide de-fluoridation adsorbent and preparation method therefor

Method for forming adsorbent powder

The method co-precipitation was applied to preparation the zirconium hydroxide as a type drinking-water defluoridation adsorbent. The effect of the preparation conditions on the adsorptive capacity was studied. The optimization of preparation condition for zirconium hydroxide concludes that co-precipitation time is 10 h, pH value is 7.0, drying time is 72 h, calcination temperature is below 100 degrees C. Also, the adsorbent samples were characterized. SEM measurements reveal that zirconium hydroxide powder are constructed by several small particles, with a diameter about 20-30 microm. XRD and TG/DTA measurements show that the zirconium hydroxide samples have amorphous phase and converse to tetragonal phase when calcined at 600 degrees C. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements show that samples have large surface areas of 138.4 m2/g and a 2 nm average pore size distribution in the mesopore region. The performance of zirconium hydroxide regeneration process was investigated. The results show that the regeneration techniques are very suitable to restore the fluorine-removal ability for zirconium hydroxide.

Shuo Yang

Papers

Remediating fluoride from water using hydrous zirconium oxide

Composite metal oxide de-fluoridation adsorbent and preparation method therefor

Method for forming adsorbent powder

Preparation and characterization of zirconium hydroxide powder for fluoride adsorption