Much has been written about theory and practice in the law, and the tension between practitioners and theorists. Judges do not cite theoretical articles often; they rarely "apply" theories to particular cases. These arguments are not revisited. Instead the Essay explores the working and interaction of theory and practice, practitioners and theorists. The Essay starts with a story about solving a legal issue using our intellectual tools - theory, practice, and their progenies: experience and "gut." Next the Essay elaborates on the nature of theory, practice, experience and "gut." The third part of the Essay discusses theories that are helpful to practitioners and those that are less helpful. The Essay concludes that practitioners theorize, and theorists practice. They use these intellectual tools differently because the goals and orientations of theorists and practitioners, and the constraints under which they act, differ. Theory, practice, experience and "gut" help us think, remember, decide and create. They complement each other like the two sides of the same coin: distinct but inseparable.

Of Theory and Practice

House of Quality

https://escholarship.org/content/qt4h56k1ch/qt4h56k1ch.pdf

Advanced monitoring of machining operations

The extensive development of electronic systems and telecommunications has lead to major concerns regarding electromagnetic pollution. Motivated by environmental questions and by a wide variety of applications, the quest for materials with high efficiency to mitigate electromagnetic interferences (EMI) pollution has become a mainstream field of research. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art research in the design and characterization of polymer/carbon based composites as EMI shielding materials. After a brief introduction, in Section 1, the electromagnetic theory will be briefly discussed in Section 2 setting the foundations of the strategies to be employed to design efficient EMI shielding materials. These materials will be classified in the next section by the type of carbon fillers, involving carbon black, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes and graphene. The importance of the dispersion method into the polymer matrix (melt-blending, solution processing, etc.) on the final material properties will be discussed. The combination of carbon fillers with other constituents such as metallic nanoparticles or conductive polymers will be the topic of Section 4. The final section will address advanced complex architectures that are currently studied to improve the performances of EMI materials and, in some cases, to impart additional properties such as thermal management and mechanical resistance. In all these studies, we will discuss the efficiency of the composites/devices to absorb and/or reflect the EMI radiation.

Polymer/carbon based composites as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials

Light-weight nanocomposites filled with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are developed for their significant potentials in electromagnetic shielding and attenuation for wide applications in electronics, communication devices, and specific parts in aircrafts and vehicles. Specifically, the introduction of a second phase into/onto CNTs for achieving CNT-based heterostructures has been widely pursued due to the enhancement in either dielectric loss or magnetic loss. In this work, ferroferric oxide (Fe(3)O(4)) was selected as the phase in multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-based composites for enhancing magnetic properties to obtain improved electromagnetic attenuation. A direct comparison between the two-phase heterostructures (Fe(3)O(4)/MWCNTs) and polyaniline (PANI) coated Fe(3)O(4)/MWCNTs, namely, three-phase heterostructures (PANI/Fe(3)O(4)/MWCNTs), was made to investigate the interface influences of Fe(3)O(4) and PANI on the complex permittivity and permeability separately. Compared to PANI/Fe(3)O(4)/MWCNTs, Fe(3)O(4)/MWCNTs exhibited enhanced magnetic properties coupled with increased dielectric properties. Interfaces between MWCNTs and heterostructures were found to play a role in the corresponding properties. The evaluation of microwave absorption of their wax composites was carried out, and the comparison between Fe(3)O(4)/MWCNTs and PANI/Fe(3)O(4)/MWCNTs with respect to highly efficient microwave absorption and effective absorption bandwidth was discussed.

Ferroferric Oxide/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube vs Polyaniline/Ferroferric Oxide/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Multiheterostructures for Highly Effective Microwave Absorption

Functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs), particularly CNTs decorated with nanoparticles (NPs), are of great interest because of their synergic effects, such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering, plasmonic resonance energy transfer, magnetoplasmonic, magnetoelectric, and magnetooptical effects. In general, research has focused on a single type of NP, such as a metal or metal oxide, that has been modified on a CNT surface. In this study, however, a new strategy is introduced for the decoration of two different NP types on CNTs. In order to improve the functionality of modified CNTs, we successfully prepared binary NP-decorated CNTs, namely, iron oxide/gold (Au) NP-decorated CNTs (IA-CNTs), which were created through two simple reactions in deionized water, without high temperature, high pressure, or harsh reducing agents. The physicochemical properties of IA-CNTs were characterized by ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, a superconducting quantum interference device, s...

Magnetically aligned iron oxide/gold nanoparticle-decorated carbon nanotube hybrid structure as a humidity sensor.

Machine tool chatter is detrimental to productivity and the overall quality of manufactured parts. Analytical stability models are used to predict the occurrence of chatter for a given set of machining conditions and improve productivity. Conventional chatter models typically assume that parameters are constant, which can lead to an unsuitable stability lobe prediction. System dynamics, including natural frequency and damping ratio, and cutting coefficients are the main parameters that can change during actual machining operations. Parameter variations can be taken into consideration using different robust control theory approaches. A frequency domain approach using Edge theorem, can analytically account for time invariant parameter uncertainty directly in the characteristic equation. Combined with the Zero Exclusion method, computation of stability regions can be checked graphically. Chatter stability can also be detected using a time domain approach involving Lyapunov stability theory subjected to linear matrix inequality (LMI) conditions. This paper presents two novel robust chatter stability models for predicting stability regions while accounting for three uncertain parameters. Robust stability lobes can be predicted and facilitate optimal machining parameter selection to achieve higher productivity.

Robust prediction of chatter stability in micro milling comparing edge theorem and LMI

Miniaturization of machine components is recognized by many as a significant technological development for a vast spectrum of products. An atomic force microscope (AFM) probe that can exert forces onto a variety of engineering materials is used to perform mechanical scribing at the nanoscale. The success of nanomechanical machining at such fine scales is based on the understanding of microstructural machining mechanics. This paper investigates the cutting behaviour in the nanoscale of a chromium workpiece by using a retrofitted commercial AFM with an acoustic emission sensor, in order to scratch the surface and measure forces. The calibration procedure for acquiring the forces is discussed. The cutting force model, which incorporates the flow stress and friction coefficient in the nano-scale machining, is also presented.

Atomic force microscope probe-based nanometric scribing

The purpose of this research is to study the pressure drop profiles of biodegradable polybutylene succinate (PBS)/CO2 solutions in a slit die and to measure the rheological properties of the solutions as a function of the blowing agent concentration. A slit die with four pressure transducers has been designed to describe the effects of shear rate, temperature, pressure, and gas content on the shear viscosity and extensional viscosity of the flowing PBS/CO2 solutions. The low shear rate viscosity of the pure polymer was measured using a cone and plate rheometer. Extensive experiments were conducted to investigate the polymer/gas solution viscosities at five different shear rates, three temperatures and five gas contents. Cross-Carreau model and generalized Arrhenius equation were used to describe the shear-viscosity behaviors of PBS/CO2 solutions. The extensional viscosity of solution was modeled based on Cogswell’s equation.

Study of Shear and Extensional Viscosities of Biodegradable PBS/CO2 Solutions

We developed a simple method to prepare hybrid copper–silver conductive tracks under flash light sintering. The developed metal nanoparticle-based ink is convenient because its preparation process is free of any tedious washing steps. The inks were composed of commercially available copper nanoparticles which were mixed with formic acid, silver nitrate, and diethylene glycol. The role of formic acid is to remove the native copper oxide layer on the surface of the copper nanoparticles. In this way, it facilitates the formation of a silver outer shell on the surface of the copper nanoparticles through a galvanic replacement. In the presence of formic acid, the copper nanoparticles formed copper formate, which was present in the unsintered tracks. However, under illumination by a xenon flash light, the copper formate was then converted to copper. Moreover, the resistance of the copper-only films increased by 6 orders of magnitude when oxidized at high temperatures (∼220 °C). However, addition of silver nitra...

Simon S. Park

Papers

Magnetically aligned iron oxide/gold nanoparticle-decorated carbon nanotube hybrid structure as a humidity sensor.

Robust prediction of chatter stability in micro milling comparing edge theorem and LMI

Atomic force microscope probe-based nanometric scribing

Study of Shear and Extensional Viscosities of Biodegradable PBS/CO2 Solutions

Hybrid Copper–Silver Conductive Tracks for Enhanced Oxidation Resistance under Flash Light Sintering