Introduction, K. Husnu Can Bas,er and G. Buchbauer History and Sources of Essential Oil Research, K.-H. Kubeczka Sources of Essential Oils, C. Franz and J. Novak Production of Essential Oils, E. Schmidt Chemistry of Essential Oils, C. Sell Analysis of Essential Oils, B. d'Acampora Zellner, P. Dugo, G. Dugo, and L. Mondello Safety Evaluation of Essential Oils: A Constituent-Based Approach, T.B. Adams and S.V. Taylor Metabolism of Terpenoids in Animal Models and Humans, W. Jager Biological Activities of Essential Oils, G. Buchbauer Effects of Essential Oils in the Central Nervous System Part I: Central Nervous System Effects of Essential Oils in Humans, E. Heuberger Part II: Psychopharmacology of Essential Oils, D. Savio Nunes, V. de Moura Linck, A. Lourenco da Silva, M. Figueiro, and E. Elisabetsky Phytotherapeutic Uses of Essential Oils, B. Harris In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils Monographed in the European Pharmacopoeia 6th Edition, A. Pauli and H. Schilcher Aromatherapy with Essential Oils, M. Lis-Balchin Biotransformation of Monoterpenoids by Microorganisms, Insects, and Mammals, Y. Noma and Y. Asakawa Biotransformation of Sesquiterpenoids, Ionones, Damascones, Adamantanes, and Aromatic Compounds by Green Algae, Fungi, and Mammals, Y. Asakawa and Y. Noma Industrial Uses of Essential Oils, W.S. Brud Encapsulation and Other Programmed Release Techniques for Essential Oils and Volatile Terpenes, J. Karlsen Aroma-Vital Cuisine, M.M. Kettenring and L.M. Vucemilovic Essential Oils Used in Veterinary Medicine, K. Husnu Can Ba,ser and C. Franz Trade of Essential Oils, H. Bovill Storage and Transport of Essential Oils, K.-D. Protzen Recent EU Legislation on Flavors and Fragrances and its Impact on Essential Oils, J.C.R. Demyttenaere Index

Handbook of Essential Oils : Science, Technology, and Applications

Glucosinolate structures in evolution.

Glucosinolates (GLS) are sulfur rich, anionic secondary metabolites found principally in the plant order Brassicales. This review focuses on identifying the range of GLS structures identified to date and summarises the current state of taxonomic reclassifications of GLS producing plants. Those Brassica species that are available to growers in the UK are highlighted and progress in the aspects of analytical chemistry relevant to conducting accurate determinations of GLS content of foods is reviewed. The degradation and derivatisation workflows that have been utilized for conducting “glucosinolate analysis” are summarized. A review is made of aspects of extraction, isolation, determination of purity, ultraviolet (UV) and mass spectrometry (MS) parameters, extinction coefficients, UV response factors, quantification procedures, and the availability of stable isotope labeled internal standards, and certified reference materials. An electronic database of structures, formulae and accurate masses of both the 200 known, and a further 180 predicted GLS, is provided for use in mass spectrometry.

Glucosinolates, structures and analysis in food

https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/35499/3/Advanced_analysis_of_nutraceuticals_Bernal_2011.pdf

Advanced analysis of nutraceuticals.

Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants

Glucosinolates in Diplotaxis and Eruca leaves: diversity, taxonomic relations and applied aspects.

BACKGROUND: Rocket salads (Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Eruca vesicaria) are presently highly appreciated salad vegetables. Related species are consumed as food plants in several regions, and may contribute to differentiation in the fresh food supply chain. Glucosinolates are well-known healthy phytochemicals and responsible for positive and negative sensory properties of edible Brassicaceae. To investigate the potential for exploitation of new crops, Diplotaxis and Eruca germplasm was subject to sensory evaluation and glucosinolate analysis.



RESULTS: Typical rocket salad flavour and pungency were perceived as positive sensory traits. Bitter, and especially herbaceous notes, characterised the groups of less accepted accessions. The groups classified as significantly unpleasant were characterised by high glucosinolate content, with either sinigrin (strong perceived pungency, flavour and several other additional sensory notes), or sinalbin/gluconapin (strong herbaceous note, low flavour perceived), as the dominant components.



CONCLUSIONS: Low glucosinolate content, and a composition rich in recognised health-promoting components (glucoerucin, glucoraphanin) were associated with higher acceptance. In relation to food uses, moderate glucosinolate content and high acceptance may be a better option to enhance the intake of healthy phytochemicals than high glucosinolates and potential rejection. High glucosinolate types may find better perspectives in the field of food integrators. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Exploring new potential health-promoting vegetables : glucosinolates and sensory attributes of rocket salads and related Diplotaxis and Eruca species

The seed oils of three accessions of Nigella sativa and N. damascena, sown on different dates, were obtained by Likens-Nickerson hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The main components of N. sativa oil were p-cymene (33.8 %) and thymol (26.8 %), with only small amounts of thymoquinone (3.8 %). N. damascena oil was characterized by almost 100% sesquiterpenes, of which β-elemene (73.2 %) represented about three-quarters of the total amount.

Essential Oils of Nigella sativa L. and Nigella damascena L. Seed

Notwithstanding the wide range of biological and pharmacological activities reported for sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), many discrepancies are still present in the evaluation of its health-promoting properties. These discordances could be at least in part due to insufficient details of qualitative and quantitative composition, connected to the ample variability of this species. Furthermore, many investigations have been carried out in vitro, with few data available on the effectiveness in biological systems. In this study, the protective effect of essential oils and water-soluble extracts derived from three different cultivars of sweet basil has been evaluated in cultured cardiomyocytes. To verify the effectiveness of supplemented oils/extracts in counteracting oxidative damage, cardiomyocytes were stressed by the addition of hydrogen peroxide. The results indicate that (a) in vitro antioxidant activity is not predictive of biological activity and (b) basil can yield extracts with substantially different protective effects, in relation to composition and extraction techniques. Variation among different cultivars has also been detected.

Simona Elementi

Papers

Glucosinolates in Diplotaxis and Eruca leaves: diversity, taxonomic relations and applied aspects.

Exploring new potential health-promoting vegetables : glucosinolates and sensory attributes of rocket salads and related Diplotaxis and Eruca species

Essential Oils of Nigella sativa L. and Nigella damascena L. Seed

Effect of cultivar on the protection of cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress by essential oils and aqueous extracts of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.).

Biodiversity and Selection of “European” Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Types