In recent decades, we have witnessed the evolution of biometric technology from the first pioneering works in face and voice recognition to the current state of development wherein a wide spectrum of highly accurate systems may be found, ranging from largely deployed modalities, such as fingerprint, face, or iris, to more marginal ones, such as signature or hand. This path of technological evolution has naturally led to a critical issue that has only started to be addressed recently: the resistance of this rapidly emerging technology to external attacks and, in particular, to spoofing. Spoofing, referred to by the term presentation attack in current standards, is a purely biometric vulnerability that is not shared with other IT security solutions. It refers to the ability to fool a biometric system into recognizing an illegitimate user as a genuine one by means of presenting a synthetic forged version of the original biometric trait to the sensor. The entire biometric community, including researchers, developers, standardizing bodies, and vendors, has thrown itself into the challenging task of proposing and developing efficient protection methods against this threat. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview on the work that has been carried out over the last decade in the emerging field of antispoofing, with special attention to the mature and largely deployed face modality. The work covers theories, methodologies, state-of-the-art techniques, and evaluation databases and also aims at providing an outlook into the future of this very active field of research.

Biometric Antispoofing Methods: A Survey in Face Recognition

Biometrics systems have significantly improved person identification and authentication, playing an important role in personal, national, and global security. However, these systems might be deceived (or spoofed) and, despite the recent advances in spoofing detection, current solutions often rely on domain knowledge, specific biometric reading systems, and attack types. We assume a very limited knowledge about biometric spoofing at the sensor to derive outstanding spoofing detection systems for iris, face, and fingerprint modalities based on two deep learning approaches. The first approach consists of learning suitable convolutional network architectures for each domain, whereas the second approach focuses on learning the weights of the network via back propagation. We consider nine biometric spoofing benchmarks—each one containing real and fake samples of a given biometric modality and attack type—and learn deep representations for each benchmark by combining and contrasting the two learning approaches. This strategy not only provides better comprehension of how these approaches interplay, but also creates systems that exceed the best known results in eight out of the nine benchmarks. The results strongly indicate that spoofing detection systems based on convolutional networks can be robust to attacks already known and possibly adapted, with little effort, to image-based attacks that are yet to come.

Deep Representations for Iris, Face, and Fingerprint Spoofing Detection

Biometrics systems have significantly improved person identification and authentication, playing an important role in personal, national, and global security. However, these systems might be deceived (or "spoofed") and, despite the recent advances in spoofing detection, current solutions often rely on domain knowledge, specific biometric reading systems, and attack types. We assume a very limited knowledge about biometric spoofing at the sensor to derive outstanding spoofing detection systems for iris, face, and fingerprint modalities based on two deep learning approaches. The first approach consists of learning suitable convolutional network architectures for each domain, while the second approach focuses on learning the weights of the network via back-propagation. We consider nine biometric spoofing benchmarks --- each one containing real and fake samples of a given biometric modality and attack type --- and learn deep representations for each benchmark by combining and contrasting the two learning approaches. This strategy not only provides better comprehension of how these approaches interplay, but also creates systems that exceed the best known results in eight out of the nine benchmarks. The results strongly indicate that spoofing detection systems based on convolutional networks can be robust to attacks already known and possibly adapted, with little effort, to image-based attacks that are yet to come.

With the growing use of biometric authentication systems in the recent years, spoof fingerprint detection has become increasingly important. In this paper, we use convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for fingerprint liveness detection. Our system is evaluated on the data sets used in the liveness detection competition of the years 2009, 2011, and 2013, which comprises almost 50 000 real and fake fingerprints images. We compare four different models: two CNNs pretrained on natural images and fine-tuned with the fingerprint images, CNN with random weights, and a classical local binary pattern approach. We show that pretrained CNNs can yield the state-of-the-art results with no need for architecture or hyperparameter selection. Data set augmentation is used to increase the classifiers performance, not only for deep architectures but also for shallow ones. We also report good accuracy on very small training sets (400 samples) using these large pretrained networks. Our best model achieves an overall rate of 97.1% of correctly classified samples—a relative improvement of 16% in test error when compared with the best previously published results. This model won the first prize in the fingerprint liveness detection competition 2015 with an overall accuracy of 95.5%.

Fingerprint Liveness Detection Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Nowadays, fingerprint biometrics is widely used in various applications, varying from forensic investigations and migration control to access control as regards security sensitive environments. Any biometric system is potentially vulnerable against a fake biometric characteristic, and spoofing of fingerprint systems is one of the most widely researched areas. The state-of-the-art sensors can often be spoofed by an accurate imitation of the ridge/valley structure of a fingerprint. An individual may also try to avoid identification by altering his own fingerprint pattern. This study is a survey of presentation attack detection methods for fingerprints, both in terms of liveness detection and alteration detection.

Presentation attack detection methods for fingerprint recognition systems: a survey

A spoof or fake is a counterfeit biometric that is used in an attempt to circumvent a biometric sensor Liveness detection distinguishes between live and fake biometric traits. Liveness detection is based on the principle that additional information can be garnered above and beyond the data procured by a standard verification system, and this additional data can be used to verify if a biometric measure is authentic. The Fingerprint Liveness Detection Competition (LivDet) goal is to compare both software-based (Part 1) and hardware-based (Part 2) fingerprint liveness detection methodologies and is open to all academic and industrial institutions. Submissions for the third edition were much more than in the previous editions of LivDet demonstrating a growing interest in the area. We had nine participants (with eleven algorithms) for Part 1 and two submissions for Part 2.

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Simona Tocco

Papers

LivDet 2013 Fingerprint Liveness Detection Competition 2013