Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Empathy accounts for the naturally occurring subjective experience of similarity between the feelings expressed by self and others without loosing sight of whose feelings belong to whom. Empathy involves not only the affective experience of the other person’s actual or inferred emotional state but also some minimal recognition and understanding of another’s emotional state. In light of multiple levels of analysis ranging from developmental psychology, social psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and clinical neuropsychology, this article proposes a model of empathy that involves parallel and distributed processing in a number of dissociable computational mechanisms. Shared neural representations, self-awareness, mental flexibility, and emotion regulation constitute the basic macrocomponents of empathy, which are underpinned by specific neural systems. This functional model may be used to make specific predictions about the various empathy deficits that can be encountered in different forms of social and neu...

The functional architecture of human empathy

In the Hamadryas baboon, males are substantially larger than females. A troop of baboons is subdivided into a number of ‘one-male groups’, consisting of one adult male and one or more females with their young. The male prevents any of ‘his’ females from moving too far from him. Kummer (1971) performed the following experiment. Two males, A and B, previously unknown to each other, were placed in a large enclosure. Male A was free to move about the enclosure, but male B was shut in a small cage, from which he could observe A but not interfere. A female, unknown to both males, was then placed in the enclosure. Within 20 minutes male A had persuaded the female to accept his ownership. Male B was then released into the open enclosure. Instead of challenging male A , B avoided any contact, accepting A’s ownership.

Evolution and the Theory of Games

A core brain network has been proposed to underlie a number of different processes, including remembering, prospection, navigation, and theory of mind [Buckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. Self-projection and the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences,11, 49-57, 2007]. This purported network-medial prefrontal, medial-temporal, and medial and lateral parietal regions-is similar to that observed during default-mode processing and has been argued to represent self-projection [Buckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. Self-projection and the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences,11, 49-57, 2007] or scene-construction [Hassabis, D., & Maguire, E. A. Deconstructing episodic memory with construction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences,11, 299-306, 2007]. To date, no systematic and quantitative demonstration of evidence for this common network has been presented. Using the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) approach, we conducted four separate quantitative meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies on: (a) autobiographical memory, (b) navigation, (c) theory of mind, and (d) default mode. A conjunction analysis between these domains demonstrated a high degree of correspondence. We compared these findings to a separate ALE analysis of prospection studies and found additional correspondence. Across all domains, and consistent with the proposed network, correspondence was found within the medial-temporal lobe, precuneus, posterior cingulate, retrosplenial cortex, and the temporo-parietal junction. Additionally, this study revealed that the core network extends to lateral prefrontal and occipital cortices. Autobiographical memory, prospection, theory of mind, and default mode demonstrated further reliable involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex and lateral temporal cortices. Autobiographical memory and theory of mind, previously studied as distinct, exhibited extensive functional overlap. These findings represent quantitative evidence for a core network underlying a variety of cognitive domains.

/pdf/the-common-neural-basis-of-autobiographical-memory-1ov7ebhi7x.pdf

The common neural basis of autobiographical memory, prospection, navigation, theory of mind, and the default mode: A quantitative meta-analysis

A Multifaceted Approach to Measure Creativity across Cultures: The Role of the Centrality of Context in Divergent Thinking Tasks

The effect of co-actor group membership on the social inhibition of return effect.

Empathy allows us to respond to the emotional state of another person. Considering that an empathic interaction may last beyond the initial response, learning mechanisms may be involved in dynamic adaptation of the reaction to the changing emotional state of the other person. However, traditionally, empathy is assessed through sets of isolated reactions to another's distress. Here we address this gap by focusing on adaptive empathy, defined as the ability to learn and adjust one's empathic responses based on feedback. For this purpose, we designed a novel paradigm of associative learning in which participants chose one of two empathic strategies (reappraisal or distraction) to attenuate the distress of a target person, where one strategy had a higher probability of relieving distress. After each choice, participants received feedback about the success of their chosen strategy in relieving the target person's distress, which they could use to inform their future decisions. The results show that the participants made more accurate choices in the adaptive empathy condition than in a non-social control condition, pointing to an advantage for learning from social feedback. We found a correlation between adaptive empathy and a trait measure of cognitive empathy. These findings indicate that the ability to learn about the effectiveness of empathic responses may benefit from incorporating mentalizing abilities. Our findings provide a lab-based model for studying adaptive empathy and point to the potential contribution of learning theory to enhancing our understanding of the dynamic nature of empathy.

/pdf/adaptive-empathy-empathic-response-selection-as-a-dynamic-14w937dtdg.pdf

Adaptive Empathy: Empathic Response Selection as a Dynamic, Feedback-Based Learning Process.

Inter-group conflict affects inter-brain synchrony during synchronized movements.

Contributors vii Introduction 1 Richard P. Ebstein, Mikhail Monakhov, Poh San Lai, and Simone G. Shamay-Tsoory PART 1 EMPATHY: NEURAL BASES AND GENETIC CORRELATES 19 1.1 Genes Related to Autistic Traits and Empathy 21 Bhismadev Chakrabarti and Simon Baron-Cohen 1.2 The Behavioral Genetics of Human Pair Bonding 37 Hasse Walum and Lars Westberg 1.3 Brain Networks Supporting Empathy 47 Martin Schulte-Ruther and Ellen Greimel 1.4 The Human Mirror Neuron System and Social Cognition 63 Sook-Lei Liew and Lisa Aziz-Zadeh 1.5 Motivational Aspects of Future Thinking in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex 81 Arnaud D'Argembeau PART 2 MORAL NEUROSCIENCE AND EMOTION 91 2.1 Contributions of the Prefrontal Cortex to Social Cognition and Moral Judgment Processes 93 Chad E. Forbes, Joshua C. Poore, and Jordan Grafman 2.2 Emotion and Moral Cognition 111 Michael Koenigs 2.3 The Neuroanatomical Basis of Moral Cognition and Emotion 123 Roland Zahn, Ricardo de Oliveira-Souza, and Jorge Moll 2.4 Envy and Schadenfreude: The Neural Correlates of Competitive Emotions 139 Jonathan Dvash and Simone G. Shamay-Tsoory PART 3 Genes and Decision Making 157 3.1 The Somatic Marker Framework and the Neurological Basis of Decision Making 159 Antoine Bechara 3.2 A Model of the Initial Stages of Drug Abuse: From Reinforcement Learning to Social Contagion 185 Gilly Koritzky, Adi Luria, and Eldad Yechiam 3.3 Extrinsic Effects and Models of Dominance Hierarchy Formation 203 Matthew Druen and Lee Alan Dugatkin 3.4 Complex Social Cognition and the Appreciation of Social Norms in Psychiatric Disorders: Insights from Evolutionary Game Theory 215 Martin Brune and Julia Wischniewski 3.5 From Neuroeconomics to Genetics: The Intertemporal Choices Case as an Example 233 Itzhak Aharon and Sacha Bourgeois-Gironde Index 245

Simone G. Shamay-Tsoory

Papers

A Multifaceted Approach to Measure Creativity across Cultures: The Role of the Centrality of Context in Divergent Thinking Tasks

The effect of co-actor group membership on the social inhibition of return effect.

Adaptive Empathy: Empathic Response Selection as a Dynamic, Feedback-Based Learning Process.

Inter-group conflict affects inter-brain synchrony during synchronized movements.

From DNA To Social Cognition