* The only book describing applications of nonlinear fiber optics * Two new chapters on the latest developments: highly nonlinear fibers and quantum applications* Coverage of biomedical applications* Problems provided at the end of each chapterThe development of new highly nonlinear fibers - referred to as microstructured fibers, holey fibers and photonic crystal fibers - is the next generation technology for all-optical signal processing and biomedical applications. This new edition has been thoroughly updated to incorporate these key technology developments.The book presents sound coverage of the fundamentals of lightwave technology, along with material on pulse compression techniques and rare-earth-doped fiber amplifiers and lasers. The extensively revised chapters include information on fiber-optic communication systems and the ultrafast signal processing techniques that make use of nonlinear phenomena in optical fibers.New material focuses on the applications of highly nonlinear fibers in areas ranging from wavelength laser tuning and nonlinear spectroscopy to biomedical imaging and frequency metrology. Technologies such as quantum cryptography, quantum computing, and quantum communications are also covered in a new chapter.This book will be an ideal reference for: RD scientists involved with research on fiber amplifiers and lasers; graduate students and researchers working in the fields of optical communications and quantum information. * The only book on how to develop nonlinear fiber optic applications* Two new chapters on the latest developments; Highly Nonlinear Fibers and Quantum Applications* Coverage of biomedical applications

Applications of nonlinear fiber optics

In Ethiopia, food production for a rapidly growing population from a continually shrinking farm size is a prime developmental challenge. Rising input costs, decline in soil quality, and buildup of insect pests, diseases and weeds have threatened the ecological and economic sustainability of crop production. To address those issues, intercropping of cereals with pulse crops could increase total grain production, provide diversity of products, stabilize yield over seasons, reduce economic and environmental risks common in monoculture systems, and thereby enhance sustainability. Here, mixed intercropping of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with faba bean (Vicia faba L.) was compared with sole culture of each species in 2002 and 2003 at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The treatments were sole wheat at a seed rate of 175 kg ha −1 , sole faba bean at a seed rate of 200 kg ha −1 , and an additive series of 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50 and 62.5% of the sole faba bean seed rate mixed with the full sole wheat seed rate. Our results showed that mixed intercropping increased the land equivalent ratio by +3% to +22% over sole cropping. Increasing the faba bean seed rate in the mixture from 12.5 to 62.5% reduced wheat grain yield from 3601 kg ha −1 to 3039 kg ha −1 but increased faba bean grain yield from 141 kg ha −1 to 667 kg ha −1 . Sole culture grain yield exceeded mixed culture grain yield by + 5t o+25% for wheat and by +172 to +1190% for faba bean. Nonetheless, we obtained the highest total grain yield of 4031 kg ha −1 , gross monetary value of US$ 823, system productivity index of 4629 and crowding coefficient of 4.70 when wheat at its full seed rate was intercropped with faba bean at a rate of 37.5%. On average, weed biomass was reduced from 40.4 g m −2 in sole wheat to 31.1 g m −2 in mixed culture and the chocolate spot disease score was reduced from 5.1 in sole faba bean to 3.4 in mixed culture. In conclusion, intercropping of wheat with faba bean may increase total yield and revenue, reduce weed and disease pressure, increase land-use efficiency, and thereby enhance sustainability of crop production in Ethiopian highlands. aggressivity / crowding coefficient / faba bean / land-use efficiency / intercropping / wheat

/pdf/yield-potential-and-land-use-efficiency-of-wheat-and-faba-2zzsjet72q.pdf

Yield potential and land-use efficiency of wheat and faba bean mixed intercropping

An efficient gain-flattened L-band optical amplifier is demonstrated using a hybrid configuration with a distributed Raman amplifier (DRA) and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) for 160 × 10-Gb/s dense wavelength division multiplexed system at 25-GHz interval. With an input signal power of 3 mW, a flat gain of >; 10 dB is obtained across the frequency range from 187 to 190.975 THz with a gain variation of ; 8.9 dBm) ever reported for a DRA-EDFA hybrid optical amplifier at reduced channel spacing.

Flat-Gain L-Band Raman-EDFA Hybrid Optical Amplifier for Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed System

For the first time, a novel flat-gain optical amplifier is proposed using a hybrid configuration with an Er-Yb co-doped waveguide amplifier (EYDWA) and a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) for 100 × 10-Gb/s dense wavelength division multiplexed system at 0.2 nm interval. With an EYDWA-SOA hybrid amplifier, a flat gain of is obtained across the effective bandwidth with a gain variation of the order of 0.75 dB without using any gain clamping techniques. It is observed that when the proposed hybrid amplifier is used as a booster for hybrid distributed Raman amplifier and erbium doped fiber amplifier, the gain variation is reduced from 2.01 to ~ 1.15 dB efficiently with acceptable bit error rate.

Novel Optical Flat-Gain Hybrid Amplifier for Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed System

\n This study clarifies the comparison between hybrid all optical fiber amplifiers in single-stage and multi-stage amplification. EDFA/Raman, Raman/EDFA/Raman, and EDFA/Raman/EDFA configurations are employed for upgrading optical communication systems. Single-stage Raman amplifiers clarifies very better performance than single-stage EDFA amplifier. Multi-stage Raman/EDFA/Raman also outlines very better performance than other hybrid configuration up to 475 km distance. Single-stage Raman amplification has outlined maxi. Q factor up to 218.392 for 250 km distance and 11.937 up to 475 km propagation range. So hybrid all optical amplifiers are essentially for upgrading optical system performance efficiency.

Comparative Simulation Study of Multi Stage Hybrid All Optical Fiber Amplifiers in Optical Communications

Performance evaluation of EDFA, RAMAN and SOA optical amplifier for WDM systems

This article proposes various combinations of optical amplifiers for a dense wavelength division multiplexed system and investigates the impact of reduced channel spacing at high bit rates in terms of quality factor, bit error rate, eye closure, and output power. It is reported that the hybrid optical amplifier (Raman–erbium-doped fiber amplifier [EDFA]) provides better results with a maximum covered single span distance (220 km) at channel spacing of 6.25 GHz. The maximum acceptable bit rate for the 12.5-GHz channel spacing dense wavelength division multiplexed system is also investigated, and the recommendation is provided that for the Raman–EDFA, Raman–EDFA–Raman, EDFA–Raman–EDFA, and EDFA–semiconductor optical amplifier–EDFA, the operating bit rate should not be greater than 20, 16, 19, and 20 Gbps, respectively.

Investigation of Hybrid Optical Amplifiers for Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed System with Reduced Spacings at Higher Bit Rates

Hybrid optical amplifiers (HOAs) are crucially important for broadband band amplification, and are widely deployed in high-capacity dense wavelength division multiplexed systems. We summarize the present state-of-the-art in this rapidly growing field. In addition, theoretical background and various inline configurations of optical amplifiers have been presented. Various issues such as gain flatness, gain bandwidth, transient effect, and crosstalk were presented in HOAs. Results show that the HOAs provide better gain flatness without using any expensive gain flattening techniques, and an acceptable range of gain, noise figure, bit error rate, and tran-

https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Optical-Engineering/volume-54/issue-10/100901/Review-on-recent-developments-in-hybrid-optical-amplifier-for-dense/10.1117/1.OE.54.10.100901.pdf

Simranjit Singh

Papers

Flat-Gain L-Band Raman-EDFA Hybrid Optical Amplifier for Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed System

Novel Optical Flat-Gain Hybrid Amplifier for Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed System

Performance evaluation of EDFA, RAMAN and SOA optical amplifier for WDM systems

Investigation of Hybrid Optical Amplifiers for Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed System with Reduced Spacings at Higher Bit Rates

Review on recent developments in hybrid optical amplifier for dense wavelength division multiplexed system