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L2 Gain And Passivity Techniques In Nonlinear Control

Energy storages introduce many advantages such as balancing generation and demand, power quality improvement, smoothing the renewable resource’s intermittency, and enabling ancillary services like frequency and voltage regulation in microgrid (MG) operation. Hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) characterized by coupling of two or more energy storage technologies are emerged as a solution to achieve the desired performance by combining the appropriate features of different technologies. A single ESS technology cannot fulfill the desired operation due to its limited capability and potency in terms of lifespan, cost, energy and power density, and dynamic response. Hence, different configurations of HESSs considering storage type, interface, control method, and the provided service have been proposed in the literature. This paper comprehensively reviews the state of the art of HESSs system for MG applications and presents a general outlook of developing HESS industry. Important aspects of HESS utilization in MGs including capacity sizing methods, power converter topologies for HESS interface, architecture, controlling, and energy management of HESS in MGs are reviewed and classified. An economic analysis along with design methodology is also included to point out the HESS from investor and distribution systems engineers view. Regarding literature review and available shortcomings, future trends of HESS in MGs are proposed.

Hybrid energy storage system for microgrids applications: A review

The rapid consumption of fossil fuel and increased environmental damage caused by it have given a strong impetus to the growth and development of fuel-efficient vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have evolved from their inchoate state and are proving to be a promising solution to the serious existential problem posed to the planet earth. Not only do HEVs provide better fuel economy and lower emissions satisfying environmental legislations, but also they dampen the effect of rising fuel prices on consumers. HEVs combine the drive powers of an internal combustion engine and an electrical machine. The main components of HEVs are energy storage system, motor, bidirectional converter and maximum power point trackers (MPPT, in case of solar-powered HEVs). The performance of HEVs greatly depends on these components and its architecture. This paper presents an extensive review on essential components used in HEVs such as their architectures with advantages and disadvantages, choice of bidirectional converter to obtain high efficiency, combining ultracapacitor with battery to extend the battery life, traction motors’ role and their suitability for a particular application. Inclusion of photovoltaic cell in HEVs is a fairly new concept and has been discussed in detail. Various MPPT techniques used for solar-driven HEVs are also discussed in this paper with their suitability.

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A comprehensive review on hybrid electric vehicles: architectures and components

Review of fuel cells to grid interface: Configurations, technical challenges and trends

Robust hand gesture recognition with a double channel surface EMG wearable armband and SVM classifier

Hand Motion Recognition from Single Channel Surface EMG Using Wavelet & Artificial Neural Network☆

This paper presents a novel strategy for a hybrid energy management system consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) array, a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) as energy sources and Lithium ion (Li-ion) battery as an auxiliary energy storage. Such hybrid combination brings the reliability, redundancy and an overall energy efficiency in the system. DC-DC converters are used to interface PV-FC-battery combination. Energy management between the three sources is done by operating them in three different modes based on power requirement of load. PV operates in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) or desired power control (DPC) mode. Battery operates in voltage control mode simultaneously maintaining its state of charge (SOC) and maintains the DC link. Fuel cell (FC) operates in Power control modes (PCM). The active power demand is controlled by regulating DC link voltage. The system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink for all operations and the results are presented along with modelling, analysis and frequency based control design.

Optimal load balancing strategy for hybrid energy management system in DC microgrid with PV, fuel cell and battery storage

Fuel cell (FC) is emerging as a clean and nonpollutant energy source and is being used widely in most of the transport and microgrid applications. However, certain applications demanding fast dynamic response are restricting usage of FC on account of its lifetime issues. Slow dynamic response of FC is not suitable to provide transient load demands, typically arising in electrical vehicles during acceleration and in braking. This paper presents a novel control strategy and associated power electronics for such applications. We propose a Lure–Lyapunov-based controller executed in cascade mode for the control of hybrid energy management system of FC and ultracapacitor (UC). In the proposed scheme, UC responds to transients in load demand whereas FC takes care of the nominal load bus requirements. This combination helps in improving lifetime of FC as auxiliary storage device such as UC provides a cushion for sudden transients. The proposed control strategy also helps in maintaining state of charge of UC for better performance. The inherent nonlinearities in DC–DC converter are efficiently handled by the outer-loop Lure–Lyapunov framework. Mathematical modeling and a proof for absolute stability of the system is presented. The proposed controller strategy is robust by virtue of being passivity based control methodology. The paper also presents analysis of the required power electronics involving DC–DC converters and inner-loop current control action. The synthesized controller is experimentally validated and the results are presented with their analysis.

Improving Lifetime of Fuel Cell in Hybrid Energy Management System by Lure–Lyapunov-Based Control Formulation

The paper presents passivity based control strategy for hybrid energy management system comprising of fuel cell and ultra capacitors. Industrial applications like electrical vehicles and certain microgrid combinations are using fuel cell as a clean energy alternative for the requirement of DC supply. But due to its slow dynamics it needs to be often combined with auxiliary storage systems like battery, super capacitors or ultra capacitors. We consider hybrid combination of fuel cell with ultra capacitors because it supports instantaneous charging and discharging characteristics with increased life time. The main contribution of this paper is to synthesize a non-linear control law based on interconnection damping assignment-passivity based control (IDA-PBC) with a desired energy function combining exponential and quadratic form. It was shown that the derived energy function satisfies conditions for candidate Lyapunov function and hence thereby satisfies stability criterion. Mathematical model of the system is obtained by the state space averaging approach. Simulations are performed on LabVIEW environment to validate the results.

Fuel cell and ultra-capacitor based hybrid energy control using IDA-PBC methodology

FC is a clean energy source alternative for electric vehicle and certain microgrid operations. However to compensate its slow dynamics and inability for tracking fast load transients it needs some auxiliary storage system like battery, supercapacitor (SC) or ultracapacitor (UC). This paper considers hybrid combination of FC-UC, as it has added advantages over other storage systems like instantaneous charging and discharging with increased lifetime of fuel cell. Furthermore, the paper proposes the dynamic model prediction based control strategy to achieve optimum current management. To optimize control efforts and computation complexity of optimization problem, the control strategy is used in two levels. The model predictive control (MPC) is used as outer control loop which provides optimal current references to the inner control loop which is designed using PI controller. The proposed control strategy is simulated and validated using MATLAB/ SIMULINK.

Sneha Mane

Papers

Hand Motion Recognition from Single Channel Surface EMG Using Wavelet & Artificial Neural Network☆

Optimal load balancing strategy for hybrid energy management system in DC microgrid with PV, fuel cell and battery storage

Improving Lifetime of Fuel Cell in Hybrid Energy Management System by Lure–Lyapunov-Based Control Formulation

Fuel cell and ultra-capacitor based hybrid energy control using IDA-PBC methodology

Model predictive control of complex switched mode FC-UC hybrid structure