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Introduction To Electrodynamics

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L2 Gain And Passivity Techniques In Nonlinear Control

Control Systems Engineering

Power systems are the most complex systems and have great importance in modern life. They have direct impacts on the modernization, economic, political and social aspects. To operate such systems in a stable mode, several control and protection techniques are required. However, modern systems are equipped with several protection schemes with the aim of avoiding the unpredicted events and power outages, power systems are still encountering emergency and mal-operation situations. The most severe emergencies put the whole or at least a part of the system in danger. If the emergency is not well managed, the power system is likely to have cascading failures that might lead to a blackout. Due to the consequences, many countries around the world have research and expert teams who work to avoid blackouts on their systems. In this paper, a comprehensive review on the major blackouts and cascading events that have occurred in the last decade are introduced. A particular focus is given on the US power system outages and their causes since it is one of the leading power producers in the world and it is also due to the ready availability of data for the past events. The paper also highlights the root causes of different blackouts around the globe. Furthermore, blackout and cascading analysis methods and the consequences of blackouts are surveyed. Moreover, the challenges in the existing protective schemes and research gaps in the topic of power system blackout and cascading events are marked out. Research directions and issues to be considered in future power system blackout studies are also proposed.

A Survey on Power System Blackout and Cascading Events: Research Motivations and Challenges

The worldwide major blackout events of power network are highlighting the need for technology upgradation in traditional grid. One of the major upgradations required is in the area of early warning generation in case of any grid disturbances such as line contingency leading to cascade failure. This paper proposes a proactive blackout prediction model for a smart grid early warning system. The proposed model evaluates system performance probabilistically, in steady state and under dynamical (line contingency) state, and prepares a historical database for normal and cascade failure states. A support vector machine (SVM) has been trained with this historical database and is used to predict blackout events in advance. The key contribution of this paper is to capture the essence of the cascading failure using probabilistic framework and integration of SVM machine learning tool to build a prediction rule, which would be able to predict the scenarios of the blackout as early as possible. The proposed model is validated using the IEEE 30-bus test-bed system. Proactive prediction of cascade failure using the proposed model may help in realizing the grid resilience feature of smart grid.

Support-Vector-Machine-Based Proactive Cascade Prediction in Smart Grid Using Probabilistic Framework

Major power grid blackouts in various parts of the world are characterized by voltage collapse. This paper studies the blackout case in the Indian power grid due to voltage collapse in the inter-regional corridor. First, the computer simulation models are tuned to match responses from the phasor measurement units at various locations in the grid. The inter-area mode with the frequency of 0.3 and 0.5 Hz with reduced damping were observed and resulted due to switching actions that occurred during the disturbance. This paper simulates the complex power grid network for various loading conditions of Northern region using power system simulator for engineering. Further, the system variables are analyzed using Prony method to estimate the inter-area mode for different NR loading conditions. The eigen values associated with the 0.3 Hz mode depict the movement from open left half plane into open right half plane with a slight increase in the parameter indicating “hopf bifurcation.” This paper also discusses the maximum loading capacity for the inter-regional lines in-order avoid loss of small signal stability, and highlights the use of real time phasor measurement unit measurements in-order to estimate and track the oscillatory modes.

Cascading Failure Analysis for Indian Power Grid

In the past two decades the frequent occurrences of large scale blackouts and catastrophic events has reduced the reliability of power grid to a great extent. A thorough analysis of the propagation of failures, in terms of line outages, combined with the topological characteristics of the grid aids, has been done to take corrective actions to save the system from complete collapse. It also helps to investigate the progress and understand the nature and intensity of blackouts. This motivates to establish the relationship between the network topological characteristics and cascading failure in the power grid. In this paper, the basic topological characteristics of the power network are studied in detail and the average propagation of failure under varying topological conditions is calculated as a branching process parameter. The variation in the mean propagation is studied in detail using a number of test bed networks with the alternate realistic networks derived from the standard IEEE networks imitating the real network conditions. The results confirm a qualitative agreement between the variations in topological parameter and the failure propagation rate in the cascading regime. Based on the analysis mentioned above, data clearly shows that the average failure propagation factor varies linearly with the variations in the statistical metrics.

Impact of Topology on the Propagation of Cascading Failure in Power Grid

Control of underactuated mechanical systems via energy shaping is a well-established, robust design technique. Unfortunately, its application is often stymied by the need to solve partial differential equations (PDEs). In this technical note a new, fully constructive, procedure to shape the energy for a class of mechanical systems that obviates the solution of PDEs is proposed. The control law consists of a first stage of partial feedback linearization followed by a simple proportional plus integral controller acting on two new passive outputs. The class of systems for which the procedure is applicable is identified imposing some (directly verifiable) conditions on the systems inertia matrix and its potential energy function. It is shown that these conditions are satisfied by three benchmark examples.

Faruk Kazi

Papers

Support-Vector-Machine-Based Proactive Cascade Prediction in Smart Grid Using Probabilistic Framework

Cascading Failure Analysis for Indian Power Grid

Impact of Topology on the Propagation of Cascading Failure in Power Grid

Shaping the Energy of Mechanical Systems Without Solving Partial Differential Equations

Hand Motion Recognition from Single Channel Surface EMG Using Wavelet & Artificial Neural Network☆