The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that the emergence of multidrug-resistant and the slow advent of novel and more potent antitumor and antimicrobial chemotherapeutics continue to be of the highest concern for human health. Additionally, the stability, low solubility, and negative effects of existing drugs make them ineffective. Studies into alternative tactics to tackle such tenacious diseases was sparked by anticancer and antibacterial. Silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) were created from Trichoderma saturnisporum, the much more productive fungal strain. Functional fungal extracellular enzymes and proteins carried out the activities of synthesis and capping of the generated nano-metals. Characterization was done on the obtained Ag-NPs and Au-NPs through UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, TEM, and SEM. Additionally, versus methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, the antibacterial activities of Ag-NPs and Au-NPs were assessed. In particular, the Ag-NPs were more effective against pathogenic bacteria than Au-NPs. Furthermore, antibiofilm study that shown Au-NPs had activity more than Ag-NPs. Interestingly, applying the DPPH procedure, these noble metallic NPs had antioxidant activity, in which the IC50 for Ag-NPs and Au-NPs was 73.5 μg/mL and 190.0 μg/mL, respectively. According to the cytotoxicity evaluation results, the alteration in the cells was shown as loss of their typical shape, partial or complete loss of monolayer, granulation, shrinking, or cell rounding with IC50 for normal Vero cell were 693.68 μg/mL and 661.24 μg/mL, for Ag-NPs and Au-NPs, respectively. While IC50 for cancer cell (Mcf7) was 370.56 μg/mL and 394.79 μg/mL for Ag-NPs and Au-NPs, respectively. Ag-NPs and Au-NPs produced via green synthesis have the potential to be employed in the medical industry as beneficial nanocompounds. 

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12010-022-04199-7.pdf

Biosynthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles and Their Efficacy Towards Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, Cytotoxicity, and Antioxidant Activities

Exergy and Energy Analyses of the Spirulina Microalgae Blends in a Direct Injection Engine at Variable Engine Loads

Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a pathophysiological insult that often occurs during liver surgery. Blackberry leaves are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Aims: To achieve site-specific delivery of blackberry leaves extract (BBE) loaded AgNPs to the hepatocyte in IRI and to verify possible molecular mechanisms. Methods: IRI was induced in male Wister rats. Liver injury, hepatic histology, oxidative stress markers, hepatic expression of apoptosis-related proteins were evaluated. Non-targeted metabolomics for chemical characterization of blackberry leaves extract was performed. Key findings: Pre-treatment with BBE protected against the deterioration caused by I/R, depicted by a significant improvement of liver functions and structure, as well as reduction of oxidative stress with a concomitant increase in antioxidants. Additionally, BBE promoted phosphorylation of antiapoptotic proteins; PI3K, Akt and mTOR, while apoptotic proteins; Bax, Casp-9 and cleaved Casp-3 expressions were decreased. LC-HRMS-based metabolomics identified a range of metabolites, mainly flavonoids and anthocyanins. Upon comprehensive virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation, the major annotated anthocyanins, cyanidin and pelargonidin glucosides, were suggested to act as PLA2 inhibitors. Significance: BBE can ameliorate hepatic IRI augmented by BBE-AgNPs nano-formulation via suppressing, oxidative stress and apoptosis as well as stimulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. 

/pdf/blackberry-loaded-agnps-attenuate-hepatic-ischemia-2bfo08jw.pdf

Blackberry-Loaded AgNPs Attenuate Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway

This study was performed to evaluate the possibility of synthesizing AgNPs by aqueous extract of pre-formulated Liv-Pro-08 polyherbal formulation and characterize the synthesized AgNPs. Moreover, their antioxidant potential, cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective activity using HePG2 cell line, and performed acute and sub-acute toxicity study on male wistar rats. The aqueous extract of Liv-Pro-08 reduces the AgNO3 into AgNPs. It is primarily identified by the brown color formation in the reaction mix, and the predominant peak was found at 485 nm UV–visible spectrophotometer. The FT-IR analysis results showed that the synthesized phytomolecules capped AgNPs retain four significant functional group peaks correspond to various groups (aromatic amine, alkyne, etc.) of AgNPs. The SEM analysis states that the synthesized AgNPs were in spherical and cubic with 50–70 nm sized. As the Liv-Pro-08 contains significant antioxidant phytochemicals, it showed reasonable antioxidant and reduced power activity with the IC50 values of 711.00 µg mL and 613.75 µg mL correspondingly. The synthesized AgNPs showed an absence of cytotoxicity and possess significant hepatoprotective activity in hepatotoxin (CCl4) exposed HePG2 cell line. The acute and sub-acute toxicity of synthesized AgNPs were studied in male wistar rats. The attained results showed the absence of acute toxicity. Surprisingly, in a sub-acute study, the biomolecule contents were increased in group IV (100 mg kg body weight) treatment than control (untreated). These results suggest that the Liv-Pro-08 synthesized and phytomolecules impregnated AgNPs might be considered for drug delivery-related processes and used as a cure for liver diseases.

Green synthesis, characterization and hepatoprotective activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from pre-formulated Liv-Pro-08 poly-herbal formulation

Sobiya Pradeepkumar

Papers

Green synthesis, characterization and hepatoprotective activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from pre-formulated Liv-Pro-08 poly-herbal formulation