This review covers the literature through 1991 on nitric oxide catalysis as applied to automobile exhaust systems. Attention is given to the threeway catalyst system which simultaneously promotes the reduction of nitrogen oxides and the oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. These systems have been used on most passenger cars in the United States since 1982. Prior to 1980, emission control catalysts were oxidation catalysts, and reduction in exhaust nitric oxide was achieved using engine modifications (i.e., exhaust gas recirculation). This review focuses on catalytic control of NO, for gasoline-fueled vehicles (not diesels and alternate fuels) and primarily on developments reported since 1982. The term NO, refers to both NO and NOz. The reader is referred to an earlier publication by the author for a general review of automobile catalytic converters [1] and to a review by Egelhoff [2] on the nitric oxide literature through 1980. The recent literature on NO, reduction in lean exhaust is c...

Nitric oxide catalysis in automotive exhaust systems

Catalytic NOx Abatement Systems for Mobile Sources: From Three-Way to Lean Burn after-Treatment Technologies Pascal Granger* and Vasile I. Parvulescu* Unit e de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, UMR CNRS 8181, University of Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, University of Bucharest, Romania, 412 Regina Elisabeta Boulevard, Bucharest 030016, Romania

Catalytic NOx Abatement Systems for Mobile Sources: From Three-Way to Lean Burn after-Treatment Technologies

Methanol-to-hydrocarbons: process technology

The use of structured catalysts in the chemical industry has been considered for years. Conventional fixed-bed reactors have some obvious disadvantages such as maldistributions of various kinds (including a nonuniform access of reactants to the catalytic surface), high pressure drop in the bed, etc. Structured catalysts are promising as far as elimination of these setbacks is concerned. Two basic kinds of structured catalysts can be distinguished: Structural packings covered with catalytically active material, similar in design to those used in distillation and absorption columns and/or static mixers. Good examples of catalysts of this kind are those offered by Sulzer, clearly developed by Sulzer column packings and static mixers. As in packed beds, there is an intensive radial convective mass transport over the entire cross-section of these packings. Structural packing catalysts and the reactors containing them are, however, not within the scope of this review. Monolithic catalysts are continuou...

Monoliths in Heterogeneous Catalysis

Much attention has been paid to the transformation of lower alkanes such as propane and butanes into aromatic hydrocarbons from both industrial and academic points of view The aromatic hydrocarbons can be utilized as a booster for high octane number gasoline and are fundamental raw chemicals in petroleum chemistry The activation of lower alkanes is an intriguing subject In early work, Csicsery [1–5] described dehydrocyclodimerization of lower alkanes over bifunctional catalysts such as platinum on alumina and Cr2O3 on alumina

Transformation of Lower Alkanes into Aromatic Hydrocarbons over ZSM-5 Zeolites

Kinetic Study of Carbon Monoxide and Propylene Oxidation on Platinum Catalysts

A predictive kinetic model has been developed for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). The kinetic scheme involves lumped species consisting of paraffins, naphthenes, aromatic rings, and aromatic substituent groups in light and heavy fuel oil fractions. The kinetic model also incorporates the effect of nitrogen poisoning, aromatic ring adsorption, and time dependent catalyst decay. The rate constants for these lumped species are invariant with respect to charge stock composition. The predictive capabilities of the model have been verified for wide ranges of charge stocks and process conditions.

A lumping and reaction scheme for catalytic cracking

Utilizing air, rather than oxygen, to convert coal to synthesis gas containing very high proportions of inert nitrogen; subjecting this entire gas, possibly with intermediate cleanup, e.g., sulfur removal, to conversion over a special metal-zeolite catalyst to produce a product comprising C 5 to C 11 normally liquid hydrocarbons, a gas containing C 1 to C 4 hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and large proportions of nitrogen, and an aqueous product comprising water; utilizing the gas product to run electric power generation equipment, such as a direct fired turbine, at base load levels; storing and accumulating the liquid product; and intermittently using the liquid product for electric power generation to meet higher than base loads, including peak load situations.

Conversion of coal to electricity

Process Studies on the Conversion of Methanol to Gasoline

An integrated process for converting coal to high octane gasoline by gasifying the coal in such manner as to form a gas comprising carbon oxides, hydrogen and methane; contacting this gas in one or a series of steps with one or a series of catalysts, respectively comprising a special high silica to alumina ratio zeolite; converting the carbon oxides and hydrogen by such contact to a product comprising water, high octane aromatic gasoline and light hydrocarbon gases; alkylating the C3 and C4 olefins with the isobutane in the light gases to produce alkylate gasoline; admixing the aromatic and alkylate gasoline; and subjecting the C2 - portion of the product to steam reforming whereby additional synthesis gas to be admixed with the gas produced by coal gasification is formed.

Solomon M. Jacob

Papers

Kinetic Study of Carbon Monoxide and Propylene Oxidation on Platinum Catalysts

A lumping and reaction scheme for catalytic cracking

Conversion of coal to electricity

Process Studies on the Conversion of Methanol to Gasoline

Conversion of coal to high octane gasoline