応用水文 = Applied hydrology

The European Commission funded the RISK-UE project in 1999 with the aim of providing an advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios for European towns and regions. In the framework of Risk-UE project, two methods were proposed, originally derived and calibrated by the authors, for the vulnerability assessment of current buildings and for the evaluation of earthquake risk scenarios: a macroseismic model, to be used with macroseismic intensity hazard maps, and a mechanical based model, to be applied when the hazard is provided in terms of peak ground accelerations and spectral values. The vulnerability of the buildings is defined by vulnerability curves, within the macroseismic method, and in terms of capacity curves, within the mechanical method. In this paper, the development of both vulnerability and capacity curves is presented with reference to an assumed typological classification system; moreover, their cross-validation is presented. The parameters of the two methods and the steps for their operative implementation are provided in the paper.

Macroseismic and mechanical models for the vulnerability and damage assessment of current buildings

Transportation Networks. Optimality. Cost Functions. Deterministic User Equilibrium Assignment. Stochastic User Equilibrium Assignment. Trip Table Estimation. Network Reliability. Network Design. Conclusions. References. Index.

Transportation network analysis

Models capable of estimating losses in future earthquakes are of fundamental importance for emergency planners and for the insurance and reinsurance industries. One of the main ingredients in a loss model is an accurate, transparent and conceptually sound algorithm to assess the seismic vulnerability of the building stock and indeed many tools and methodologies have been proposed over the past 30 years for this purpose. This paper takes a look at some of the most significant contributions in the field of vulnerability assessment and identifies the key advantages and disadvantages of these procedures in order to distinguish the main characteristics of an ideal methodology.

/pdf/development-of-seismic-vulnerability-assessment-1xbax4ru36.pdf

Development of seismic vulnerability assessment methodologies over the past 30 years

Despite highly specialised and capable emergency management systems, ordinary citizens are usually first on the scene in an emergency or disaster, and remain long after official services have ceased. Citizens often play vital roles in helping those affected to respond and recover, and can provide invaluable assistance to official agencies. However, in most developed countries, emergency and disaster management relies largely on a workforce of professionals and, to varying degrees, volunteers affiliated with official agencies. Those who work outside of such systems have tended to be viewed as a nuisance or liability, and their efforts are often undervalued. Given increasing disaster risk worldwide due to population growth, urban development and climate change, it is likely that 'informal' volunteers will provide much of the additional surge capacity required to respond to more frequent emergencies and disasters in the future. This paper considers the role of informal volunteers in emergency and disaster management. Definitions of volunteerism are reviewed and it is argued that there is an overemphasis on volunteering within, and for, state and formal organisations. We offer a broader definition of 'informal volunteerism' that recognises the many ways ordinary citizens volunteer their time, knowledge, skills and resources to help others in times of crisis. Two broad types of informal volunteerism are identified - emergent and extending - and the implications for emergency and disaster management are considered. Particular attention is given to increasing 'digital volunteerism' due to the greater accessibility of sophisticated but simple information and communication technologies. Culture and legal liability are identified as key barriers to greater participation of informal volunteers. We argue that more adaptive and inclusive models of emergency and disaster management are needed to harness the capacities and resilience that exist within and across communities.

https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1299&context=smhpapers1

A review of informal volunteerism in emergencies and disasters: Definition, opportunities and challenges

Diese Doktorarbeit stellt zwei Ansatze fur eine Vulnerabilitatsbewertung im bebauten Raum vor: ein makroseismisches Modell, das in Verbindung mit makroseismischen Intensitatskarten eingesetzt wird und ein mechanisches Modell, das dann zum Einsatz kommt, wenn eine Gefahrdung in Bezug auf Spitzen-Bodenbeschleunigungen und Spektralwerte vorliegt. Die Arbeit zeigt die theoretischen Grundlagen auf und verweist auf die bestimmenden Parameter fur die beiden vorgestellten Modelle im Hinblick auf unterschiedliche Mauerwerks- und Stahlbetonbauwerke. Daruber hinaus geht die Arbeit auf die Anwendung der beiden vorgestellten Modelle zur Bestimmung des zu erwartenden wirtschaftlichen Verlustes und der Auswirkung fur Menschen und Bauwerk unter Zuhilfenahme von Verteilungs- oder Fragilitatskurven ein. Die Ansatze gehen entweder von Vermessungsdaten aus oder von statistischen Daten unterschiedlicher Herkunft und Qualitat. Unterschiede in den Unsicherheiten wirken sich je nach Quantitat und Qualitat der fur die Analyse zur Verfugung stehenden Daten auf die Vulnerabilitatsbewertung und die daraus folgende Schadensbewertung aus. Aufgrund einer klaren analytischen Definition der vorgestellten Methoden lassen sie sich ohne Weiteres in einer GIS-Umgebung einsetzen: hierbei wird durch Uberschneidung der Gefahren- und Vulnerabilitatsanalysen die Bewertung von Schadensszenarien zu einem logischen Folgeschritt. Die vorgestellten Analyseverfahren fur die Beherrschung seismischer Risiken lassen sich somit effektiv einsetzen. Durch kontinuierliche Datenaktualisierung und das sehr schnelle Rechenverfahren steht Entscheidungstragern ein Weg zur Abschatzung der Wirksamkeit unterschiedlicher Masnahmenszenarien zur Verfugung. Die Moglichkeit, Realtime-Szenarien fur die wahrscheinliche Auswirkung eines Erdbebens durchzuspielen, kann fur eine Entscheidungsfindung wahrend der ersten Stunden nach dem Eintreten eines Erdbebenereignisses sehr hilfreich sein.

The Vulnerability Assessment and the Damage Scenario in Seismic Risk Analysis

The paper analyzes the performance of a hospital system using a holistic and multidisciplinary approach. Data on impacts to the hospital system were collected using a standardized survey tool. A fa...

Resilience of the Canterbury Hospital System to the 2011 Christchurch Earthquake

SUMMARY A magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck the city of Christchurch at 12:51pm on Tuesday 22 February 2011. The earthquake caused 182 fatalities, a large number of injuries, and resulted in widespread damage to the built environment, including significant disruption to the lifelines. The event created the largest lifeline disruption in a New Zealand city in 80 years, with much of the damage resulting from extensive and severe liquefaction in the Christchurch urban area. The Christchurch earthquake occurred when the Canterbury region and its lifelines systems were at the early stage of recovering from the 4 September 2010 Darfield (Canterbury) magnitude 7.1 earthquake. This paper describes the impact of the Christchurch earthquake on lifelines by briefly summarising the physical damage to the networks, the system performance and the operational response during the emergency management and the recovery phase. Special focus is given to the performance and management of the gas, electric and road networks and to the liquefaction ejecta clean-up operations that contributed to the rapid reinstatement of the functionality of many of the lifelines. The water and wastewater system performances are also summarized. Elements of resilience that contributed to good network performance or to efficient emergency and recovery management are highlighted in the paper.

/pdf/lifelines-performance-and-management-following-the-22-4y9gey9r8s.pdf

Lifelines performance and management following the 22 february 2011 christchurch earthquake, new zealand: highlights of resilience

In 2010 and 2011, the Canterbury region of New Zealand was struck by a series of earthquakes, the most serious of which was a magnitude M=6.3 earthquake on 22nd of February 2011 centred near the heart of Christchurch city. This earthquake led to the cordoning of the central business district due to safety concerns, with parts of the city remaining closed to the public for more than two years following the earthquakes. With large numbers of organisations needing to relocate and being faced with ongoing infrastructure disruption, and significant concerns for staff welfare, the February 2011 Canterbury earthquake provides a valuable case study for enhancing understanding of how businesses are affected by and recover from disasters. In this paper, using data from 541 organisations affected by the Canterbury earthquakes, some of the main findings from the international literature are reassessed. In particular, the paper addresses which types of impact were more disruptive for organisations than others; and whether or not organisational demographics, including age, size, sector and property ownership, are predictors of an organisation's level of impact and recovery following a significant disaster. The paper finds that human/organisational issues, in particular ‘Customer Issues’ impacts were most disruptive for organisations. Furthermore, this paper finds that, contrary to much current literature, organisational age and size do not strongly predict disaster impact and recovery success. Sector was found to be a predictor of both impact and recovery. Organisations that rented recovered slightly more effectively than those that owned their properties.

Sonia Giovinazzi

Papers

Macroseismic and mechanical models for the vulnerability and damage assessment of current buildings

The Vulnerability Assessment and the Damage Scenario in Seismic Risk Analysis

Resilience of the Canterbury Hospital System to the 2011 Christchurch Earthquake

Lifelines performance and management following the 22 february 2011 christchurch earthquake, new zealand: highlights of resilience

Factors influencing impacts on and recovery trends of organisations: evidence from the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes