The Internet of Things (IoT) is set to become one of the key technological developments of our times provided we are able to realize its full potential. The number of objects connected to IoT is expected to reach 50 billion by 2020 due to the massive influx of diverse objects emerging progressively. IoT, hence, is expected to be a major producer of big data. Sharing and collaboration of data and other resources would be the key for enabling sustainable ubiquitous environments, such as smart cities and societies. A timely fusion and analysis of big data, acquired from IoT and other sources, to enable highly efficient, reliable, and accurate decision making and management of ubiquitous environments would be a grand future challenge. Computational intelligence would play a key role in this challenge. A number of surveys exist on data fusion. However, these are mainly focused on specific application areas or classifications. The aim of this paper is to review literature on data fusion for IoT with a particular focus on mathematical methods (including probabilistic methods, artificial intelligence, and theory of belief) and specific IoT environments (distributed, heterogeneous, nonlinear, and object tracking environments). The opportunities and challenges for each of the mathematical methods and environments are given. Future developments, including emerging areas that would intrinsically benefit from data fusion and IoT, autonomous vehicles, deep learning for data fusion, and smart cities, are discussed.

Data Fusion and IoT for Smart Ubiquitous Environments: A Survey

The advanced technology Internet of Things (IoT), a recent development in wireless sensor networks, provides a way to connect surrounding physical objects to the Internet in a dynamic way. There is an advantage of using IoT technology protocols as it requires less network bandwidth, minimum code space and hence reduces access time. Major IoT provider companies have several IoT products in the gadget market to make consumers' life effortlessly easy. Several research gaps regarding the scalability of IoT with other platforms have been identified by reviewing the existing literature and also explained essential information about the integration of IoT with cloud computing. Major technology big giants Apple, Google, and Amazon's products are differentiated on the basis of measurement parameters such as their prices, streaming options, customisable appearance methods, major partnership companies related information appearing. A prototype of Apple's Home Kit and Samsung SmartThings is developed to show the characteristics of smart home products for the user, which helps in better decision making of IoT platform providers.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1049/iet-net.2019.0180

Comparative analysis of IoT based products, technology and integration of IoT with cloud computing

With the development of technology, smart devices are becoming more common in everyday life. The development of devices that can connect to the Internet and transmit data has been a source of inspiration for smart city designs. The common problem in our cities is the difficulty of finding free parking slots. The parking problem causes traffic to congest and people who go to work are looking for a place. In this study, a navigation and reservation based parking proposal system was developed for smart cities. The proposed method involves the development of small devices that send data to the internet using the internet of things (IoT) technology. The free parking space closest to the current location is found by genetic algorithm. The proposed method is tested for different scenarios and accurate results are obtained.

A navigation and reservation based smart parking platform using genetic optimization for smart cities

The objective of this research was to examine the effects of raising and lowering posted speed limits on driver behavior for urban and rural nonlimited access highways. Sites selected for study were furnished by the participating States. The study was conducted during the period from October 1985 to September 1992, when the maximum speed limit was 55 mi/h (89 km/h) on nonlimited access highways. During this period, the States and localities lowered and raised posted speed limits on short roadway segments, typically less than 2 mi (3.2 km) in length. The general types of sites included in the study were short sections, i.e., 0.5-mi (0.8-km) segments in rural communities, 1-mi (1.6-km) sections in urban and rural communities, and 2- to 12-mi (3- to 19-km) rural sections where speed limits were raised. The study included the collection of driver behavior and crash data is 22 States. The data were collected at 100 sites on nonlimited access highways, consisting of 172 mi (277 km) where speed limits were either lowered or raised, and at 83 comparison sites, consisting of 132 mi (213 km) where no changes in the posted speed limits were made. Changes in the posted speed limits ranged from lowering the speed limit by 5, 10, 15, or 20 mi/h (8, 16, 24, or 32 km/h) to raising the speed limit by 5, 10, or 15 mi/h (8, 16, or 24 km/h). Only one change in the posted speed limit was made at each site during the study. There is statistically sufficient evidence in this dataset to reject the hypothesis that driver speeds do not change when posted speed limits are either raised or lowered. However, the differences in speeds, less than 1.5 mi/h (2.4 km/h), are not sufficiently large to be of practical significance, and are due primarily to large sample sizes. Although the changes in vehicle speeds were small, driver violations of the speed limits increased when posted speed limits were lowered. Conversely, violations decreased when speed limits were raised. This does not reflect a change in driver behavior, but a change in how compliance is measured, i.e., from the posted speed limit. There is not sufficient evidence in this dataset to reject the hypothesis that crash experience changed when posted speed limits were either lowered or raised.

Effects of raising and lowering speed limits on selected roadway sections

The internet of things (IoT) aims to extend the internet to real-world objects, connecting smart and sensing devices into a global network infrastructure by connecting physical and virtual objects. The IoT has the potential to increase the quality of life of inhabitants and users of intelligent ambient assisted living (AAL) environments. The paper overviews and discusses the IoT technologies and their foreseen impacts and challenges for the AAL domain. The results of this review are summarized as the IoT based gerontechnology acceptance model for the assisted living domain. The model focuses on the acceptance of new technologies by older people and underscores the need for the adoption of the IoT for the AAL domain.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/11/12/259/pdf

A Review of Internet of Things Technologies for Ambient Assisted Living Environments

IoT (Internet of Things) technologies have largely contributed to our smart living environment. The smart parking system is one of the prominent services that IoT supports. To identify the parked vehicles, the previous parking system use special identifying devices, the RFID tags carried by the users, and the high quality camera to recognize the vehicle license numbers. However, the previous methods cause cost inefficiency and unfriendly usages. To address these problems, we propose a smart parking system based on ultrasonic sensors and Bluetooth communication. The proposed system decides the available slots by using the sensor motes located in the parking spaces. Also it recognizes the location of the parked vehicle using Bluetooth RSSI between a Smartphone and the sensor motes. In addition, based on these converging technologies, it can support the parked routes of vehicles for users. To evaluate the implemented smart parking system, we applied the RSSI transform equations and the recognition rate for parked vehicles. As a result, the accurate rate of transformed distances could be measured.

/pdf/smart-parking-system-using-ultrasonic-sensor-and-bluetooth-2611e5evr3.pdf

Smart Parking System Using Ultrasonic Sensor and Bluetooth Communication in Internet of Things

Department of Civil Engineering and Northland Advanced Transportation Systems Research Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Duluth

/pdf/estimation-of-winter-snow-operation-performance-measures-1rqyhspoii.pdf

Estimation of Winter Snow Operation Performance Measures with Traffic Data

Intelligent transport systems (ITS) are a convergence of information technology and transportation systems as seen in the variable speed limit (VSL) system. Since the VSL system controls the speed limit according to the traffic conditions, it can improve the safety and efficiency of a transport network. Many researchers have studied the real-time VSL (RVSL) algorithm based on real-time traffic information from multiple stations recording traffic data. However, this method can suffer from inaccurate selection of the VSL start station (VSS), incorrect VSL calculations, and is unable to quickly react to the changing traffic conditions. Unstable VSL systems result in more congestion on freeways. In this study, an enhanced VSL algorithm (EVSL) is proposed to address the limitations of the existing RVSL algorithm. This selects preliminary VSL start stations (pVSS), which is expected to end congestion using acceleration and allocates final VSSs for each congestion interval using selected pVSS. This controls the vehicles that entered the congestion area based on the selected VSS. We used four metrics to evaluate the performance of the proposed VSL (VSS stability assessment, speed control stability assessment, travel time, and shockwave), which were all enhanced when compared to the standard RVSL algorithm. In addition, the EVSL algorithm showed stable VSL performance, which is critical for road safety.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/9/5/801/pdf

The Multi-Station Based Variable Speed Limit Model for Realization on Urban Highway

This paper proposes the smart shoes system classifying a normal, out-toeing, and in-toeing gait to provide the gait information to customer. It measures and analyzes the gait posture using the distribution of pressure sensors on the insole. It sends the gait information to the smartphone application using a BLE communication. The experiment was performed to test the accuracy of proposed system. Finally, this paper showed that proposed system can measure the accurate gait posture.

The smart shoes providing the gait information on IoT

The smart umbrella not only blocks a rain but also provides a variety of services to customers. Existing smart umbrellas have various features such as giving an alarm for raining and a loss prevention. In this paper, we propose new smart umbrella that guides the way to the destination on rainy days, collaborating with smartphone based on the IoT environment. It prevents to safety accident which occurs due to operating the smartphone for navigating. Also, it provides a convenience to customer according to self-navigating.

Soobin Jeon

Papers

Smart Parking System Using Ultrasonic Sensor and Bluetooth Communication in Internet of Things

Estimation of Winter Snow Operation Performance Measures with Traffic Data

The Multi-Station Based Variable Speed Limit Model for Realization on Urban Highway

The smart shoes providing the gait information on IoT

Smart umbrella for safety directions on Internet of Things