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Using Multivariate Statistics

Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Following the 2016 U.S. presidential election, many have expressed concern about the effects of false stories (“fake news”), circulated largely through social media. We discuss the economics of fake news and present new data on its consumption prior to the election. Drawing on web browsing data, archives of fact-checking websites, and results from a new online survey, we find: (i) social media was an important but not dominant source of election news, with 14 percent of Americans calling social media their “most important” source; (ii) of the known false news stories that appeared in the three months before the election, those favoring Trump were shared a total of 30 million times on Facebook, while those favoring Clinton were shared 8 million times; (iii) the average American adult saw on the order of one or perhaps several fake news stories in the months around the election, with just over half of those who recalled seeing them believing them; and (iv) people are much more likely to believe stories that favor their preferred candidate, especially if they have ideologically segregated social media networks.

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Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election

Emotion and Adaptation

Originally published in Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, 1994, Vol 39(2), 225. Reviews the book, The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion by John Zaller (1992). The author's commendable effort to specify a model of mass opinion formation offers readers an introduction to the prevailing vi

The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion.

Based on an extensive literature review, we suggest that ‘fake news’ alludes to two dimensions of political communication: the fake news genre (i.e. the deliberate creation of pseudojournalistic di...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23808985.2019.1602782

Fake news as a two-dimensional phenomenon: a framework and research agenda

A growing amount of research is devoted to the question of which individual and contextual variables enhance, limit, or obliterate news framing effects. However, the fundamental question whether framing effects vary depending on the issue at stake has not been addressed. Based on two experimental studies (total N = 1,821), this article investigates the extent to which framing effects differ in magnitude as well as process, depending on how important an issue is. The studies show that a high-importance issue yields no effects and a low-importance issue large effects. This moderating function of issue importance operates both at the contextual and at the individual levels. The implications for future framing effects research are discussed.

/pdf/issue-importance-as-a-moderator-of-framing-effects-4gv5aajj0m.pdf

Issue Importance as a Moderator of Framing Effects

A growing number of studies test the effects of news framing on citizens’ understanding of politics. By employing experimental designs, these studies report significant effects for a multitude of issues and frames. However, what happens to the framing effect after initial exposure? Based on a ‘‘classic’’ framing experiment (n = 625), this article traces framing effects across a number of delayed time points: after 1 day, 1 week, and 2 weeks. Our results show that framing effects are surprisingly persistent. The duration of framing effects depended on a person’s level of political knowledge, with moderately knowledgeable individuals displaying most persistent framing effects. Effects on individuals with high or low levels of political knowledge dissipated much quicker.

Getting real: the duration of framing effects

Emotions play an important role in explaining why news framing has effects on opinions about immigration Yet, our knowledge regarding which emotions are relevant for different types of news frames is limited This survey experiment (N = 715) determines to what extent positive and negative emotions mediate framing effects about immigration, and whether mediation depends on the type of frame at stake We exposed participants to one of four preestablished frames: the emancipation, multicultural, assimilation, or victimization frame Results show that the emancipation and multicultural frames cause the most emotional response Positive emotions function as mediators of framing effects on immigration opinions

/pdf/the-mediating-role-of-emotions-news-framing-effects-on-43jx5dwvf6.pdf

The Mediating Role of Emotions News Framing Effects on Opinions About Immigration

This review article provides a critical discussion of empirical studies that deal with the use of online news sources in journalism. We evaluate how online sources have changed the journalist–source relationship regarding selection of sources as well as verification strategies. We also discuss how the use of online sources changes audience perceptions of news. The available research indicates that journalists have accepted online news sourcing techniques into their daily news production process, but that they hesitate to use information retrieved from social media as direct and quoted sources in news reporting. Studies show that there are differences in the use of online sources between media sectors, type of reporting, and country context. The literature also suggests that verification of online sources requires a new set of skills that journalists still struggle with. We propose a research agenda for future studies.

Sophie Lecheler

Papers

Fake news as a two-dimensional phenomenon: a framework and research agenda

Issue Importance as a Moderator of Framing Effects

Getting real: the duration of framing effects

The Mediating Role of Emotions News Framing Effects on Opinions About Immigration

Re-evaluating journalistic routines in a digital age: A review of research on the use of online sources: