Nanoemulsions have small droplet size and are kinetically stable colloidal systems. They have enhanced functional properties in comparison to conventional emulsions. The composition and structure of the nanoemulsions can be controlled for the encapsulation and effective delivery of bioactive lipophilic compounds. Nanoemulsions have potential application in the food industry for the delivery of nutraceuticals, coloring and flavoring agents, and antimicrobials. The nanoemulsion formulations of active ingredients can be used for developing biodegradable coating and packaging films to enhance the quality, functional properties, nutritional value and shelf life of foods. This review focuses on preparation of food grade nanoemulsions using high-energy methods and low-energy approaches and their characterization for physical properties, stability and microstructure. The application of nanoemulsion formulations for sustainable food processing and improving the delivery of functional compounds, such as colorants, flavouring agents, nutraceuticals and preservatives or antimicrobial agents in foods has been discussed.

Nanoemulsions and Their Potential Applications in Food Industry

Self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) is an isotropic mixture of lipid, surfactant and co-surfactant, which forms a fine emulsion when comes in contact of an aqueous medium with mild agitation. SEDDS is considered as a potential platform for oral delivery of hydrophobic drug in order to overcome their poor and irregular bioavailability challenges. In spite of fewer advantages like improved solubility of drug, bypassing lymphatic transport etc., SEDDS faces different controversial issues such as the use of appropriate terminology (self-microemulsifying drug delivery system; SMEDDS or self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system; SNEDDS), presence of high amount of surfactant, correlation of in vitro model to in vivo studies, lack of human volunteer study and effect of conversion of SEDDS to final administrable dosage form on pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug. In this review, potential issues or questions on SEDDS are identified and summarized from the pharmacokinetic point of view. Primarily this review includes the conflict between the influences of droplet size, variation in correlation between in vitro lipolysis or ex-vivo intestinal permeation and pharmacokinetic parameters, variation in in vivo results of solid and liquid SEDDS, and potential challenges or limitation of pharmacokinetic studies on human volunteers with orally administered SEDDS. In the past decades, hundreds of in vivo studies on SEDDS have been published. In the present study, only the relevant article on in vivo pharmacokinetic studies with orally administered SEDDS published in past 5-6 years are analyzed for an up to date compilation.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10717544.2016.1214990

Controversies with self-emulsifying drug delivery system from pharmacokinetic point of view

Introduction: The efficacy of many hydrophobic bioactives (pharmaceuticals, supplements, and nutraceuticals) is limited due to their relatively low or highly variable bioavailability. Nanoemulsions consisting of small lipid droplets (r < 100 nm) dispersed in water can be designed to improve bioavailability.Areas covered: The major factors limiting the oral bioavailability of hydrophobic bioactive agents are highlighted: bioaccessibility, absorption and transformation. Two nanoemulsion-based approaches to control these processes and improve bioavailability are discussed: nanoemulsion delivery systems (NDS) and nanoemulsion excipient systems (NES). In NDS, hydrophobic bioactives are dissolved within the lipid phase of oil-in-water nanoemulsions. In NES, the bioactives are present within a conventional drug, supplement, or food, which is consumed with an oil-in-water nanoemulsion. Examples of NDS and NES utilization to improve bioactive bioavailability are given.Expert opinion: Considerable progress ...

Utilization of nanoemulsions to enhance bioactivity of pharmaceuticals, supplements, and nutraceuticals: Nanoemulsion delivery systems and nanoemulsion excipient systems

Challenges in oral drug delivery of antiretrovirals and the innovative strategies to overcome them.

Advances in drug delivery systems: Work in progress still needed?

Solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) of darunavir for improved dissolution and oral bioavailability: In vitro and in vivo evaluation.

Spandana Inugala

Papers

Solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) of darunavir for improved dissolution and oral bioavailability: In vitro and in vivo evaluation.