Nanofluids are potential heat transfer fluids with enhanced thermophysical properties and heat transfer performance can be applied in many devices for better performances (i.e. energy, heat transfer and other performances). In this paper, a comprehensive literature on the applications and challenges of nanofluids have been compiled and reviewed. Latest up to date literatures on the applications and challenges in terms of PhD and Master thesis, journal articles, conference proceedings, reports and web materials have been reviewed and reported. Recent researches have indicated that substitution of conventional coolants by nanofluids appears promising. Specific application of nanofluids in engine cooling, solar water heating, cooling of electronics, cooling of transformer oil, improving diesel generator efficiency, cooling of heat exchanging devices, improving heat transfer efficiency of chillers, domestic refrigerator-freezers, cooling in machining, in nuclear reactor and defense and space have been reviewed and presented. Authors also critically analyzed some of the applications and identified research gaps for further research. Moreover, challenges and future directions of applications of nanofluids have been reviewed and presented in this paper. Based on results available in the literatures, it has been found nanofluids have a much higher and strongly temperature-dependent thermal conductivity at very low particle concentrations than conventional fluids. This can be considered as one of the key parameters for enhanced performances for many of the applications of nanofluids. Because of its superior thermal performances, latest up to date literatures on this property have been summarized and presented in this paper as well. However, few barriers and challenges that have been identified in this review must be addressed carefully before it can be fully implemented in the industrial applications.

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A review on applications and challenges of nanofluids

A review of the applications of nanofluids in solar energy

A review of nanofluid stability properties and characterization in stationary conditions

Rheological behaviour of ethylene glycol based titania nanofluids

The purpose of this review summarizes the important published articles on the enhancement of the convection heat transfer in heat exchangers using nanofluids on two topics. The first section focuses on presenting the theoretical and experimental results for the effective thermal conductivity, viscosity and the Nusselt number reported by several authors. The second section concentrates on application of nanofluids in various types of heat exchangers: plate heat exchangers, shell and tube heat exchangers, compact heat exchangers and double pipe heat exchangers.

Application of nanofluids in heat exchangers: A review

Incipient flooding in inclined tubes of small diameter

The influence of small tube diameter on falling film and flooding phenomena

Efficacy of SiO2 nanofluids in a miniature plate heat exchanger with undulated surface

Prediction of holdup, axial pressure gradient and wall shear stress in wavy stratified and stratified/atomization gas/liquid flow

Acomputational e uid dynamics code was employed to obtain detailed characteristics of horizontal wavy stratie ed two-phase eow for two geometries (pipe and channel). By treating the gas and the liquid phases separately, the calculations are performed utilizing information concerning the pressure drop and the liquid e lm thickness, which can either be obtained experimentally or calculated using one of the available correlations. The basic convergence criterion is the continuity of the time-averaged interfacial velocity and shear stress between the two phases. A commercial CFD code (CFX 1 ) was used for the calculation of the velocity proe les of both phases and the distribution of the shear stresses, i.e. liquid-towall, interfacial. The calculated values are found to be in good agreement with those obtained experimentally.

Spiros V. Paras

Papers

Incipient flooding in inclined tubes of small diameter

The influence of small tube diameter on falling film and flooding phenomena

Efficacy of SiO2 nanofluids in a miniature plate heat exchanger with undulated surface

Prediction of holdup, axial pressure gradient and wall shear stress in wavy stratified and stratified/atomization gas/liquid flow

CFD Code Application to Wavy Stratified Gas-Liquid Flow