This paper aims to review the encountered technical contradictions when an attacker meets the cipher-images encrypted by the image encryption schemes (algorithms) proposed in 2018 from the viewpoint of an image cryptanalyst. The most representative works among them are selected and classified according to their essential structures. Almost all image cryptanalysis works published in 2018 are surveyed due to their small number. The challenging problems on design and analysis of image encryption schemes are summarized to receive the attentions of both designers and attackers (cryptanalysts) of image encryption schemes, which may promote solving scenario-oriented image security problems with new technologies.

When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review

Telemedicine is the delivery of health care services using information or communication technology. In the current pandemic scenario, telemedicine can supplement health-care delivery in the absence of in-person visit. The Government of India has recently launched the e-sanjeevani OPD, a National teleconsultation service, which has been adopted by many state governments as mandatory for health-care providers. With Indian Medical Association issuing an advisory against the use of telemedicine except in few situations, a lot of confusion exists in the mind of a pediatrician. Despite the uncertain situation, we have to remember that other diseases shall not stall in the face of a pandemic. Since telemedicine is an evolving subject, training of medical professionals, clear guidelines and good quality internet service systems will go a long way in increasing the acceptability of telemedicine in the Indian population. We herein discuss issues related to using telemedicine during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

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Using Telemedicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Despite the numerous and noticeable inherited gains of Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) in healthcare, its growth is being hindered by privacy and security challenges. Such issues require the utmost urgent attention to realize its full scale and efficient usage. There is a need to secure Health Information worldwide, regionally, and locally. To fully avail of the health services, it is crucial to put in place the demanded security practices for the prevention of security breaches and vulnerabilities. Hence, this research is deliberated on to provide requirement-oriented health information security using the Modular Encryption Standard (MES) based on the layered modeling of the security measures. The performance analysis shows that the proposed work excels, compared to other commonly used algorithms against the health information security at the MCC environment in terms of better performance and auxiliary qualitative security ensuring measures.

Enhancing Security of Health Information Using Modular Encryption Standard in Mobile Cloud Computing

Today’s technological era, the booming desire for e-healthcare has inflated the attention towards the security of data from cyber attacks. As the digital medical images are transferred over the public network, there is a demand to shield an adequate level of protection. One of the prominent techniques is encryption which secures the medical images. This paper recommends a DICOM image encryption based upon chaotic attractors on frequency domain by integer wavelet transform (IWT) and fused with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence on the spatial domain. The proposed algorithm uses a chaotic 3D Lorenz attractor and logistic map to generate pseudo-random keys for encryption. The algorithm involves subsequent stages, i.e. permutation, substitution, encoding, complementary and decoding. To endorse the resistance of the proposed algorithm, various analyses have been examined for 256 × 256 DICOM images by achieving an average entropy of 7.99, larger keyspace of 10238 and non-zero correlation. The overall results confirm that the proposed algorithm is robust against the brute force attacks.

A robust medical image encryption in dual domain: chaos-DNA-IWT combined approach

Entropy is originally introduced to explain the inclination of intensity of heat, pressure, and density to gradually disappear over time. Based on the concept of entropy, the Second Law of Thermody...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1687814019857350

A review of entropy measures for uncertainty quantification of stochastic processes

Networked medical data sharing on secure medium – A web publishing mode for DICOM viewer with three layer authentication

In multimedia communication, significance of the images for data representation is noteworthy. In this context, secure transmission of images over open channel has become a challenging task. Creation of different strategies in improving the secure image transmission always has a demand. The proposed work suggests an RGB image encryption with the confluence of attractors and hardware triggered key image in which confusion and diffusion were accomplished by Lorenz, Lu and Cellular Automata attractors. The uniqueness of proposed encryption scheme is a key image generation module through cascaded Ring Oscillator circuit which creates M × N key image for diffusion of pixels. Facilitating the authenticated networked access to key image generation hardware enables the secure server-client architecture for a variety of secure image transfer applications. The proposed approach is a hardware – software codesign which possesses a good keyspace, improved key sensitivity and satisfies the various statistical parameters thus offering substantial resistance to differential, occlusion and chosen plaintext attacks on RGB images.

Networked hardware assisted key image and chaotic attractors for secure RGB image communication

The role of image encryption in secure communication of confidential images is quite significant and novel schemes to encrypt images always have a demand in the scientific research community. DNA coding has found a noteworthy position in various earlier proposed image encryption schemes because of its simple but effective diffusion capabilities. Similar to the DNA coding, novel coding technique based on an aphorism present in the Sanskrit literature has been utilized in this image encryption work. The utility of Sanskrit sūtra ‘yamātārājabhānasalagam (YRBS)’ for performing scrambling, substitution and cyclic bit shifting promises the usage of this scheme as a part of various image encryption solutions. In this approach, YRBS coding has been employed along with simple one dimensional logistic map for encrypting 256 × 256 grayscale test images. The suggested scheme possesses a keyspace of 4.3769 × 1046 and average correlation figures of −0.00021, −0.00021, −0.00015 in horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions respectively when applied on ten test images. The encrypted pixels passed the NIST Test suite and this approach also offers a good resistance to chosen cipher text attack which was a challenge in DNA coding.

YRBS coding with logistic map – a novel Sanskrit aphorism and chaos for image encryption

Medical images are widely used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes during the detection of abnormalities in various organs of the human body. A huge number of medical images are handled every day by the hospitals as well as medical practitioners. Medical images need a strong mechanism for rightful patient identification and confidential sharing. The proposed work addresses both these issues through watermarking, encryption and hardware storage. In the proposed work, the important credentials of the patient such as their treatment history, ID and thumb impression are integrated in the form of a 256 × 256 watermark image. This watermark is embedded into the DICOM image of size 512 × 512 using Singular Value Decomposition on Integer Wavelet Transform domain. The watermarked DICOM image was further encrypted using Tent map and Lu chaotic attractors. Further, Stratix FPGA has been used to carry the bitstream format of encrypted images. The extracted watermark achieves a PSNR of 30 dB after subjecting to 17 different noise and image processing attacks on the encrypted image. For a payload of 0.25, the normal cross-correlation reached is 0.99. Keyspace of the encrypted DICOM image is 10136 achieving an average entropy of 15.68 and near-zero correlation. The proposed solution also overcomes the False Positive Problem. Various error metrics and statistical analyses have been performed to validate the robustness of the proposed secure medical image carrier.

Tamper-Resistant Secure Medical Image Carrier: An IWT–SVD–Chaos–FPGA Combination

Medical image encryption plays a pivotal role in telemedicine and healthcare applications Authentication of medical images require a must attention owing to the amount of medical data being communicated and number of digital records being created and maintained In this work, a server - client model of authenticated medical image communication is proposed Initially, the AES encrypted medical image is further secured by embedding a One Time Password (OTP) generated through Tent map This OTP embedded image is shared to the intended user via intranet Upon receiving the OTP through GSM, the authorized user verifies the similarity of received OTP in mobile and extracted one from the encrypted medical image After integrity checking, the decryption is performed to retrieve the original medical record The proposed work of medical image encryption has been developed using python 27 and validated by performing entropy, correlation, differential, error metric and NIST test analyses

Sridevi Arumugham

Papers

Networked medical data sharing on secure medium – A web publishing mode for DICOM viewer with three layer authentication

Networked hardware assisted key image and chaotic attractors for secure RGB image communication

YRBS coding with logistic map – a novel Sanskrit aphorism and chaos for image encryption

Tamper-Resistant Secure Medical Image Carrier: An IWT–SVD–Chaos–FPGA Combination

IoT Framework for Secure Medical Image Transmission