This chapter introduces the finite element method (FEM) as a tool for solution of classical electromagnetic problems. Although we discuss the main points in the application of the finite element method to electromagnetic design, including formulation and implementation, those who seek deeper understanding of the finite element method should consult some of the works listed in the bibliography section.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method

Solar Engineering Of Thermal Processes

Introduction to heat transfer

Publisher Summary The decade of the 1950s saw great advances in heat-transfer measurement techniques. Optical methods became popular, along with several new heat-flux gages that are still in wide use today, as evidenced by the commercial heat-flux-gage manufacturers. In the last 10 to 20 years, a number of new techniques have been developed and applied, which have greatly increased the resolution and operating range of heat-flux instrumentation. Although the older methods are discussed as the background, the focus of this chapter is on the newer techniques and novel uses of the older techniques. In addition, an effort is made to bring together information from a variety of fields that deal with heat transfer, but that often isn't communicated. Three areas of new capability with important applications are time-resolved heat-flux measurements, simultaneous measurement of spatially distributed heat flux, and heat-flux measurement at high-temperature conditions. Examples of recent advances in these areas are discussed. Such new capabilities, when applied to real-world problems, make the field of heat transfer exciting. From these reviews, it is clear that no one gage or method is good for every application. The limitations of previous heat-flux-gage performance are highlighted and the need for better gage characteristics is expressed. Recent advances have been able to overcome some of these limitations and provide measurements with improved accuracy under conditions previously not possible. The discussion of measurement methods is organized by the first three categories of heat-transfer measurement categories, given in the chapter. Recent measurements using the methods discussed are showcased to demonstrate the advances made in measurement capability. Calibration is briefly addressed in the chapter.

Advances in Heat Flux Measurements

Theory of Plasticity

Numerical study of the effect of fouling on local heat transfer conditions in a high-temperature fin-and-tube heat exchanger

The paper presents the numerical study on the influence of inner tube surface fouling on the thermal performance of a high temperature fin-and-tube heat exchanger. The heat exchanger is used to cool down the hot flue gas. In order to simplify the heat transfer model, only the gas flow through the passage formed by the six consecutive fins is analysed. Fouling on the inner surface of the tube wall in a form of scale can cause large decline in heat transfer ability. Since the gas in the outer space is, then, not cooled efficiently, the temperature on the outer wall can increase, even above the allowable strength limits. Because the gas flow path through passages formed between fins is complex, the CFD simulations were conducted in order to determine the velocity and temperature variations for flue gas flow in the inter-tubular space of a cross-flow heat exchanger. The total heat transfer rate, outlet gas temperature and the maximum temperature of tube wall for various gas inlet velocities were determined.

Numerical study on the effect of inner tube fouling on the thermal performance of high-temperature fin-and-tube heat exchanger

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Stanisław Łopata

Papers

Numerical study of the effect of fouling on local heat transfer conditions in a high-temperature fin-and-tube heat exchanger

Numerical study on the effect of inner tube fouling on the thermal performance of high-temperature fin-and-tube heat exchanger

Investigation of the flow conditions in a high-performance heat exchanger

Design optimization of a high-temperature fin-and-tube heat exchanger manifold – A case study

Analysis of operating conditions for high performance heat exchanger with the finned elliptical tube