 Many atmospheric chemicals occur in the gas phase as well as in liquid cloud droplets and aerosol particles Therefore, it is necessary to understand the distribution between the phases According to Henry's law, the equilibrium ratio between the abundances in the gas phase and in the aqueous phase is constant for a dilute solution Henry's law constants of trace gases of potential importance in environmental chemistry have been collected and converted into a uniform format The compilation contains 17 350 values of Henry's law constants for 4632 species, collected from 689 references It is also available at http://wwwhenrys-laworg 

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Compilation of Henry's law constants (version 4.0) for water as solvent

Plastic debris litters marine and terrestrial habitats worldwide. It is ingested by numerous species of animals, causing deleterious physical effects. High concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants have also been measured on plastic debris collected from the environment, but the fate of these contaminants is poorly understood. Here, we examine the uptake and subsequent release of phenanthrene by three plastics. Equilibrium distribution coefficients for sorption of phenanthrene from seawater onto the plastics varied by more than an order of magnitude (polyethylene >> polypropylene > polyvinyl chloride (PVC)). In all cases, sorption to plastics greatly exceeded sorption to two natural sediments. Desorption rates of phenanthrene from the plastics or sediments back into solution spanned several orders of magnitude. As expected, desorption occurred more rapidly from the sediments than from the plastics. Using the equilibrium partitioning method, the effects of adding very small quantities of plastic with sorbed phenanthrene to sediment inhabited by the lugworm (Arenicola marina) were evaluated. We estimate that the addition of as little as 1 microg of contaminated polyethylene to a gram of sediment would give a significant increase in phenanthrene accumulation by A. marina. Thus, plastics may be important agents in the transport of hydrophobic contaminants to sediment-dwelling organisms.

Potential for plastics to transport hydrophobic contaminants.

Existing field data indicate that soot may significantly affect the environmental speciation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To expand hydrophobic partition models to include soot partitioning, we need to quantify fsc, the soot fraction of the solid matrix, and Ksc, the soot-carbon-normalized partition coefficient. To this end, we have developed a method that allows quantification of soot carbon in dilute and complex sedimentary matrices. Non-soot organic carbon is removed by thermal oxidation, and inorganic carbonates are removed by acidification, fol lowed by CHN elemental analysis of the residual soot carbon. The selectivity of the soot carbon method was confirmed in tests with matrices of known compostion. The soot quantification technique was applied to two sets of natural sediments, both previously analyzed for PAHs. The input histories of PAHs and soot recorded in a lacustrine sediment core followed the same general trends, and we thus infer a coupling between the two. Our measures of f...

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Quantification of the dilute sedimentary soot phase : Implications for PAH speciation and bioavailability

VOLUME I Introduction The Incentive Physical-Chemical Properties Experimental Methods Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships (QSPRs) Mass Balance Models of Chemical Fate Data Sources and Presentation Illustrative QSPR Plots and Fate Calculations References Aliphatic and Cyclic Hydrocarbons Lists of Chemicals and Data Compilations Summary Tables and QSPR plots References Mononuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Lists of Chemicals and Data Compilations Summary Tables and QSPR plots References Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Related Aromatic Hydrocarbons Lists of Chemicals and Data Compilations Summary Tables and QSPR plots References VOLUME II * Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Chlorobenzenes and Other Halogenated Mononuclear Aromatics Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Chlorinated Dibenzop-dioxins Chlorinated Dibenzofurans VOLUME III * Ethers Alcohols Aldehydes and Ketones Carboxylic Acids Phenolic Compounds Esters VOLUME IV Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds Lists of Chemicals and Data Compilations Summary Tables References Herbicides Lists of Chemicals and Data Compilations Summary Tables References Insecticides Lists of Chemicals and Data Compilations Summary Tables References Fungicides Lists of Chemicals and Data Compilations Summary Tables References APPENDICES List of Symbols and Abbreviations Alphabetical Index CAS Registry Index Molecular Formula Index * Each chapter contains lists of chemicals and data compilations, summary tables, QSPR plots, and references

Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals

Octanol‐water partition coefficients (log P) for 611 simple organic compounds representing all principal classes have been retrieved from the literature. Available experimental details of measurement are documented from original articles. Pertinent thermodynamic relations are presented, with a discussion of direct and indirect methods of measurement. Reported log P data for each compound have been evaluated according to stated criteria, and recommended values (with uncertainty) are given.

Octanol‐Water Partition Coefficients of Simple Organic Compounds

The thermodynamic relationship between octanol-water partition coefficient and aqueous solubility is discussed in the light of recently measured data for highly hydrophobic chemicals. Experimental data indicate that the presence of dissolved octanol in water has little effect on the solubility of chemicals in water and that the presence of dissolved water in octanol has little effect on the solubility of chemicals in octanol. The activity coefficients of hydrophobic chemicals in aqueous solution and in octanol solution both increase with increased chemical molar volume. An approximately linear relationship between log activity coefficient and molar volume is suggested in both phases, a consequence of which is that a plot of log octanol-water partition coefficient vs. log liquid or subcooled liquid solubility has a slope of approximately -0.8. A molecular thermodynamic interpretation of the data is presented, and some environmental implications are discussed.

Relationships between octanol-water partition coefficient and aqueous solubility.

The dynamic coupled column liquid chromatographic (DCCLC) method for determining the solubility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in water is described. The DCCLC technique is a very rapid, precise, and accurate method for determining the aqueous solubility behavior of sparingly soluble organic compounds. The agreement of PAH aqueous solubilities and calculated solubility parameters, such as ..delta..Hs, with values that have been previously reported in the literature helps to confirm the validity of this approach. In all cases replicate solubility measurements of the generated PAH solutions at constant temperature were better than +- 3 percent and in most cases better than +- 1%. The lack of an appropriate physical parameter for accurately extrapolating PAH solubilities further enhances the utility of DCCLC method.

Stanley P. Wasik

Papers

Relationships between octanol-water partition coefficient and aqueous solubility.

Determination of the solubility behavior of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water

Fluorescence measurements of benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene, and benzo(e)pyrene in water.

Determination of the aqueous solubility of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by a coupled column liquid chromatographic technique

Aqueous solubilities, octanol water partition-coefficients, and entropies of melting of chlorinated benzenes and biphenyls