Atom transfer radical polymerization.

New polymer synthesis by nitroxide mediated living radical polymerizations.

Metal-catalyzed living radical polymerization.

Controlled/living radical polymerization: Features, developments, and perspectives

2.5. Stabilization of IL Emulsions by Nanoparticles 2623 3. Hydrogenations in ILs 2623 3.1. Hydrogenation on IL-Stabilized Nanoparticles 2623 3.1.1. Hydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene 2623 3.1.2. Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Arenes 2624 3.1.3. Hydrogenation of Ketones 2624 3.2. Homogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation in ILs 2624 3.3. Hydrogenation of Functionalized ILs 2625 3.3.1. Selective Hydrogenation of Polymers 2625 3.4. Asymmetric Hydrogenations 2626 3.4.1. Enantioselective Hydrogenation 2626 3.5. Role of the ILs Purity in Hydrogenation Reactions 2628

Catalysis in ionic liquids

Organic-inorganic hybrid hollow spheres are prepared by using a TiO2-stabilized Pickering emulsion polymerization method (see figure). By self-organization of TiO2 nanoparticles at the interface of oil (monomer and solvent) and water, colloidosomes are formed and used as polymerization vessels to obtain the hybrid hollow spheres. The diameter and mechanical stability can be tailored by varying the relative amount of oil phase and the relative amount of divinylbenzene (DVB) in the monomer, respectively.

Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Hollow Spheres Prepared from TiO2‐Stabilized Pickering Emulsion Polymerization

Copper(I) mediated living radical polymerisation in an ionic liquid

Solid-stabilized, or Pickering, miniemulsion polymerizations using Laponite clay discs as stabilizer are investigated. Free radical polymerizations are carried out using a variety of hydrophobic monomers (i.e., styrene, lauryl (meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, octyl acrylate, and 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate). Armored latexes, of which the surfaces of the particles are covered with clay discs, are obtained, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Overall polymerization kinetics of the Pickering miniemulsion polymerizations of styrene were investigated via gravimetry. Comparison with the bulk polymerization analogue clearly shows compartmentalization. Moreover, retardation effects up to intermediate monomer conversions are observed; they are more prominent for the smaller particles and are ascribed to the Laponite clay. A model is presented that allows for the prediction of the average particle size of the latexes produced as a function of the amounts of monomer and Pickering stabilizers used. It shows that under specific generic conditions the number of clay discs used correlates in a linear fashion with the total surface area of the latex particles. This is a direct result of the reversibility of the Laponite clay disc adhesion process under the emulsification conditions (i.e., sonication) used.

Pickering miniemulsion polymerization using Laponite clay as a stabilizer.

Pickering Stabilized Miniemulsion Polymerization: Preparation of Clay Armored Latexes

The fabrication of “soft” nanocomposite clay armored polymer latexes is described. Laponite clay XLS is used as stabilizer in the Pickering emulsion polymerization of a variety of monomer mixtures, that is, methyl methacrylate and n-butyl acrylate, styrene and n-butyl acrylate, and styrene and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. Overall solids contents of the hybrid latexes in complete absence of coagulation of up to 24 wt % are reported under batch conditions. Key mechanistic aspects of the Pickering emulsion polymerization process are discussed. The use of monomers that have high water solubility and are prone to hydrolyze under basic conditions, for example methyl methacrylate, should be restricted. The use of small amounts of methacrylic acid as auxiliary monomer promotes clay adhesion to the surface of the particles in the Pickering emulsion (co)polymerization of hydrophobic monomers. Detailed kinetic studies at both 60 and 80 °C of the Pickering emulsion copolymerization of styrene and n-butyl acrylate (Sty:BA =...

Stefan Antonius Franciscus Bon

Papers

Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Hollow Spheres Prepared from TiO2‐Stabilized Pickering Emulsion Polymerization

Copper(I) mediated living radical polymerisation in an ionic liquid

Pickering miniemulsion polymerization using Laponite clay as a stabilizer.

Pickering Stabilized Miniemulsion Polymerization: Preparation of Clay Armored Latexes

Pickering Emulsion Polymerization Using Laponite Clay as Stabilizer To Prepare Armored “Soft” Polymer Latexes