The Participatory Museum

Measuring user acceptance to avoid system rejection by the users in pre-prototype stage of product development is of high interest for both researchers and practitioners. This is especially true when technology uses strategies of persuasion in an emotional laden environment like the car. This paper presents the results of an online survey aiming at evaluating the acceptance of future persuasive in-car interaction approaches for a more economic driving behaviour. Five different persuasive interface concepts are presented and studied towards their acceptance. The results show an overall acceptance of the system concepts and the usefulness of the presented method. We show that individual expectations of the systems' disturbance and risk have an effect on the acceptance of technology and the behavioural intention to use.

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Acceptance of future persuasive in-car interfaces towards a more economic driving behaviour

Large interactive displays are increasingly placed in public (or semipublic) locations, including museums, shops, various city settings, and offices. This article discusses the evolution of such displays by looking at their use and analyzing how they are changing the concept of human-computer interaction through new modalities. By surveying the literature on systems using these displays, relevant features were identified and used as classification dimensions. The analysis provided may inform the design and development of future installations. A discussion on research challenges concludes the article.

Interaction with Large Displays: A Survey

Implementing controls in the car becomes a major challenge: The use of simple physical buttons does not scale to the increased number of assistive, comfort, and infotainment functions. Current solutions include hierarchical menus and multi-functional control devices, which increase complexity and visual demand. Another option is speech control, which is not widely accepted, as it does not support visibility of actions, fine-grained feedback, and easy undo of actions. Our approach combines speech and gestures. By using speech for identification of functions, we exploit the visibility of objects in the car (e.g., mirror) and simple access to a wide range of functions equaling a very broad menu. Using gestures for manipulation (e.g., left/right), we provide fine-grained control with immediate feedback and easy undo of actions. In a user-centered process, we determined a set of user-defined gestures as well as common voice commands. For a prototype, we linked this to a car interior and driving simulator. In a study with 16 participants, we explored the impact of this form of multimodal interaction on the driving performance against a baseline using physical buttons. The results indicate that the use of speech and gesture is slower than using buttons but results in a similar driving performance. Users comment in a DALI questionnaire that the visual demand is lower when using speech and gestures.

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Multimodal interaction in the car: combining speech and gestures on the steering wheel

Falling hardware prices and ever more displays being connected to the Internet will lead to large public display networks, potentially forming a novel communication medium. We envision that such networks are not restricted to display owners and advertisers anymore, but allow also passersby (e.g., customers) to exchange content, similar to traditional public notice areas, such as bulletin boards. In this context it is crucial to understand emerging practices and provide easy and straight forward interaction techniques to be used for creating and exchanging content. In this paper, we present Digifieds, a digital public notice area we built to investigate and compare possible interaction techniques. Based on a lab study we show that using direct touch at the display as well as using the mobile phone as a complementing interaction technology are most suitable. Direct touch at the display closely resembles the interaction known from classic bulletin boards and provides the highest usability. Mobile phones preserve the users' privacy as they exchange (sensitive) data with the display and at the same time allow content to be created on-the-go or to be retrieved.

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Interaction techniques for creating and exchanging content with public displays

After years in the lab, interactive public displays are finding their way into public spaces, shop windows, and public institutions They are equipped with a multitude of sensors as well as (multi-) touch surfaces allowing not only the audience to be sensed, but also their effectiveness to be measured The lack of generally accepted design guidelines for public displays and the fact that there are many different objectives (eg, increasing attention, optimizing interaction times, finding the best interaction technique) make it a challenging task to pick the most suitable evaluation method Based on a literature survey and our own experiences, this paper provides an overview of study types, paradigms, and methods for evaluation both in the lab and in the real world Following a discussion of design challenges, we provide a set of guidelines for researchers and practitioners alike to be applied when evaluating public displays

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How to evaluate public displays

During the last decade, the number of functions of automotive user interfaces has increased rapidly. Besides traditional controls to drive a car, driver assistance, infotainment, entertainment, and comfort systems need to be controlled while driving. This does not only affect the driver's cognitive workload but also leads to increased complexity in designing automotive user interfaces. In this paper, we provide models and tools for rapid prototyping and the evaluation of user interfaces in this context. Usually, functional prototypes of user interfaces are implemented that allow the usability and quality to be assessed with time-consuming user studies. In contrast, in our approach we use an adapted Keystroke-Level Model (KLM) that is based on empirically collected data for typical operations in the car. It takes into account the aspect of attention switching in the car between primary tasks and other tasks. We present KLM operator times that we determined in a user study as well as a formula for estimating the task completion time. The presented model is the foundation for the MI-AUI prototyping tool that we implemented for permitting the creation of automotive interfaces using tangible controls. By demonstrating a typical operation with the MI-AUI prototype, the estimated task completion time can be calculated. MI-AUI is an evaluation tool that can be quickly and easily applied in early stages of the design process without the need to involve real drivers.

Support for modeling interaction with automotive user interfaces

As displays in public space are augmented with sensors, such as the Kinect, they enable passersby to interact with the content on the screen. As of today, feedback on the user action in such environments is usually limited to the visual channel. However, we believe that more immediate and intense forms, in particular haptic feedback, do not only increase the user experience, but may also have a strong impact on user attention and memorization of the content encountered during the interaction. Haptic feedback can today be achieved through vibration on the mobile phone, which is strongly dependent on the location of the device. We envision that fabrics, such as underwear, can in the future be equipped with electrical muscle stimulation, thus providing a more natural and direct way of haptic feedback. In this demo we aim to showcase the potential of applying electrical muscle stimulation as direct haptic feedback during interaction in public spaces in the context of a Kinect-based game for public displays.

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Supporting interaction in public space with electrical muscle stimulation

This paper introduces CARS, an open source driving simulator tool for evaluating driver distraction. We present the map editor, the driving simulation tool and the analysis tool included in CARS. Based on initial results from initial user studies we illustrate the effectiveness of CARS in evaluating different secondary tasks (e.g., compare different UIs for navigation systems) with regard to driver distraction.

CARS – Configurable Automotive Research Simulator

Cross-reality systems empower users to transition along the reality-virtuality continuum or collaborate with others experiencing different manifestations of it. However, prototyping these systems is challenging, as it requires sophisticated technical skills, time, and often expensive hardware. We present VRception, a concept and toolkit for quick and easy prototyping of cross-reality systems. By simulating all levels of the reality-virtuality continuum entirely in Virtual Reality, our concept overcomes the asynchronicity of realities, eliminating technical obstacles. Our VRception Toolkit leverages this concept to allow rapid prototyping of cross-reality systems and easy remixing of elements from all continuum levels. We replicated six cross-reality papers using our toolkit and presented them to their authors. Interviews with them revealed that our toolkit sufficiently replicates their core functionalities and allows quick iterations. Additionally, remote participants used our toolkit in pairs to collaboratively implement prototypes in about eight minutes that they would have otherwise expected to take days.

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Stefan Schneegaß

Papers

How to evaluate public displays

Support for modeling interaction with automotive user interfaces

Supporting interaction in public space with electrical muscle stimulation

CARS – Configurable Automotive Research Simulator

VRception: Rapid Prototyping of Cross-Reality Systems in Virtual Reality