* Starting from Need* Evolution of the Toyota Production System* Further Development* Genealogy of the Toyota Production System* The True Intention of the Ford System* Surviving the Low-Growth Period

Toyota production system : beyond large-scale production

To date, many important threads of information privacy research have developed, but these threads have not been woven together into a cohesive fabric. This paper provides an interdisciplinary review of privacy-related research in order to enable a more cohesive treatment. With a sample of 320 privacy articles and 128 books and book sections, we classify previous literature in two ways: (1) using an ethics-based nomenclature of normative, purely descriptive, and empirically descriptive, and (2) based on their level of analysis: individual, group, organizational, and societal.

Based upon our analyses via these two classification approaches, we identify three major areas in which previous research contributions reside: the conceptualization of information privacy, the relationship between information privacy and other constructs, and the contextual nature of these relationships.

As we consider these major areas, we draw three overarching conclusions. First, there are many theoretical developments in the body of normative and purely descriptive studies that have not been addressed in empirical research on privacy. Rigorous studies that either trace processes associated with, or test implied assertions from, these value-laden arguments could add great value. Second, some of the levels of analysis have received less attention in certain contexts than have others in the research to date. Future empirical studies-both positivist and interpretive--could profitably be targeted to these under-researched levels of analysis. Third, positivist empirical studies will add the greatest value if they focus on antecedents to privacy concerns and on actual outcomes. In that light, we recommend that researchers be alert to an overarching macro model that we term APCO (Antecedents → Privacy Concerns → Outcomes).

/pdf/information-privacy-research-an-interdisciplinary-review-3ozmykcimw.pdf

Information privacy research: an interdisciplinary review

2005년 대한 생화학·분자생물학회 하계학술대회를 다녀와서

E-government research: Reviewing the literature, limitations, and ways forward

Arguments that e-government may improve citizen trust in government have not been sufficiently tested. We are interested in exploring the potential for e-government to influence citizen attitudes about government, across various population groups, including those with limited technology access and skill. This paper surveys literature relevant to e-government and its effect on civic trust, and summarizes our previous research on citizen attitudes on e-government. We propose further research using an Internet-based experiment that will expose a random sample of respondents to government web sites that are chosen to represent best practices for different types of sites. Surveys administered before and after exposure to the sites will measure any significant changes in attitudes about government in general, as well as perceptions of e-government. Oversampling of low-income and minority respondents will allow us to explore any differential impact across demographic groups.

The effects of e-government on trust and confidence in government

Previous research has found graphical passwords to be more memorable than non-dictionary or "strong" alphanumeric passwords. Participants in a prior study expressed concerns that this increase in memorability could also lead to an increased susceptibility of graphical passwords to shoulder-surfing. This appears to be yet another example of the classic trade-off between usability and security for authentication systems. This paper explores whether graphical passwords' increased memorability necessarily leads to risks of shoulder-surfing. To date, there are no studies examining the vulnerability of graphical versus alphanumeric passwords to shoulder-surfing.This paper examines the real and perceived vulnerability to shoulder-surfing of two configurations of a graphical password, Passfaces™[30], compared to non-dictionary and dictionary passwords. A laboratory experiment with 20 participants asked them to try to shoulder surf the two configurations of Passfaces™ (mouse versus keyboard data entry) and strong and weak passwords. Data gathered included the vulnerability of the four authentication system configurations to shoulder-surfing and study participants' perceptions concerning the same vulnerability. An analysis of these data compared the relative vulnerability of each of the four configurations to shoulder-surfing and also compared study participants' real and perceived success in shoulder-surfing each of the configurations. Further analysis examined the relationship between study participants' real and perceived success in shoulder-surfing and determined whether there were significant differences in the vulnerability of the four authentication configurations to shoulder-surfing.Findings indicate that configuring data entry for Passfaces™ through a keyboard is the most effective deterrent to shoulder-surfing in a laboratory setting and the participants' perceptions were consistent with that result. While study participants believed that Passfaces™ with mouse data entry would be most vulnerable to shoulder-surfing attacks, the empirical results found that strong passwords were actually more vulnerable.

/pdf/a-comparison-of-perceived-and-real-shoulder-surfing-risks-3oc34u4e6f.pdf

A comparison of perceived and real shoulder-surfing risks between alphanumeric and graphical passwords

Today, however, thanks to the proliferation of Internet-based retailers, more and more citizens have come to expect an increasingly higher level of convenience and services from their local governments, including electronic payment of taxes, tickets and fines; online registrations; and access to a range of local government documents and records. What are communities doing to address these new demands for electronic services?

Is Your Local Government Plugged In? Highlights of the 2000 Electronic Government Survey

In this article we explore the short and largely undocumented history of electronic government, discuss the literature of e-government at the local government level, and document the adoption and sophistication of e-government among US local governments. We employ data from a survey conducted in the winter of 2000 to examine local government adoption of electronic government. We compare the results of that survey to a normative model of e-government maturity. We have found that the emergence of electronic government at the local level is still in its formative stages. Local e-government offerings tended to be more basic when compared to the normative model although many local governments indicate that they have plans to develop more sophisticated offerings in the future. E-government adoption also generally tracks well with previously documented patterns of technology adoption.

/pdf/electronic-government-at-the-grass-roots-contemporary-y5dt6p6qgt.pdf

Electronic government at the grass roots: contemporary evidence and future trends

Federal agencies rely extensively on information technology (IT) to perform basic missions. Arguably, public administration should be driving the theory, policy, and practice for managing these increasingly important resources. This is especially true as public organizations move to electronic government.Despite some maturation in the literature for managing IT in federal agencies in the last several years, public administration has contributed little to this effort. Other academic fields, such as information science, business administration, and practitioners from the federal government and related contractors have contributed more recently to the theory and practice of IT management at the federal level than public administration.This chapter analyzes federal IT management literature from several academic disciplines and government documents. The analysis compares federal IT management with a normative model of management maturity focusing on the strategic objectives for IT and related management approaches. Public administration's minimal contribution to federal IT management raises profound questions whether federal agencies are performing commensurate with public expectations in an information age.

The evolution of information technology management at the federal level: implications for public administration

https://userpages.umbc.edu/~zhchen/papers/gov-quarterly.pdf

Stephen H. Holden

Papers

A comparison of perceived and real shoulder-surfing risks between alphanumeric and graphical passwords

Is Your Local Government Plugged In? Highlights of the 2000 Electronic Government Survey

Electronic government at the grass roots: contemporary evidence and future trends

The evolution of information technology management at the federal level: implications for public administration

Semantic integration of government data for water quality management