This 1966 paperback edition of a publication which first appeared in 1963 has by now been widely reviewed as a worthy contribution to the sociological study of deviant behavior. Its current appearance as a paperback is a testimonial both to the quality of the work and to the prominence of deviant behavior in this generation. In general the author places deviance in perspective, identifies types of deviant behavior, considers the role of rule makers and enforcers, and some of the problems in studying deviance. In addition, he develops a sequential model of deviance relying on the concept of career, a concept originally developed in studies of occupations. In his study of a particular kind of deviance, the use of marihuana, the author posits and tests systematically an hypothesis about the genesis of marihuana use for pleasure. The hypothesis traces the sequence of changes in individual attitude

Outsiders Studies in the Sociology of Deviance.

Although much has been learned from cross-sectional research on marriage, an understanding of how marriages develop, succeed, and fail is best achieved with longitudinal data. In view of growing interest in longitudinal research on marriage, the authors reviewed and evaluated the literature on how the quality and stability of marriages change over time. First, prevailing theoretical perspectives are examined for their ability to explain change in marital quality and stability. Second, the methods and findings of 115 longitudinal studies--representing over 45,000 marriages--are summarized and evaluated, yielding specific suggestions for improving this research, Finally, a model is outlined that integrates the strengths of previous theories of marriage, accounts for established findings, and indicates new directions for research on how marriages change.

The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: A review of theory, methods, and research.

Ecological theory was used to develop a more expanded conceptualization of the work-family interface and to identify significant correlates of multiple dimensions of work-family spillover. Using data from employed adults participating in the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (N = 1,986), negative spillover from work to family, positive spillover from work to family, negative spillover from family to work, and positive spillover from family to work were found to be distinct work-family experiences. Analyses indicated that work and family factors that facilitated development (e.g., decision latitude, family support) were associated with less negative and more positive spillover between work and family. By contrast, work and family barriers (e.g., job pressure, family disagreements) were associated with more negative spillover and less positive spillover between work and family. In some cases, results differ significantly by gender.

https://midus.wisc.edu/findings/pdfs/43.pdf

Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: an ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family.

Developing and Testing an Integrative Model of the Work–Family Interface

This paper provides a concise but comprehensive review of research on religion/spirituality (R/S) and both mental health and physical health. It is based on a systematic review of original data-based quantitative research published in peer-reviewed journals between 1872 and 2010, including a few seminal articles published since 2010. First, I provide a brief historical background to set the stage. Then I review research on R/S and mental health, examining relationships with both positive and negative mental health outcomes, where positive outcomes include well-being, happiness, hope, optimism, and gratefulness, and negative outcomes involve depression, suicide, anxiety, psychosis, substance abuse, delinquency/crime, marital instability, and personality traits (positive and negative). I then explain how and why R/S might influence mental health. Next, I review research on R/S and health behaviors such as physical activity, cigarette smoking, diet, and sexual practices, followed by a review of relationships between R/S and heart disease, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease and dementia, immune functions, endocrine functions, cancer, overall mortality, physical disability, pain, and somatic symptoms. I then present a theoretical model explaining how R/S might influence physical health. Finally, I discuss what health professionals should do in light of these research findings and make recommendations in this regard.

/pdf/religion-spirituality-and-health-the-research-and-clinical-3g4ye41fgm.pdf

Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications

Using a probability sample of 4,230 adolescents from grades 7-12, we used negative binomial regression to estimate the effects of peer and six family variables on the risk of adolescent drug use. Peer drug use had relatively strong effects of adolescent drug use. Parental drug attitudes, sibling drug use, and adult drug use had significant direct effects net of peer influences. In addition, they had significant indirect effects that were mediated by peer drug use. The influences of parental monitoring, attachment to mother, and attachment to father were statistically significant but relatively small. The findings applied to alcohol, binge drinking, cigarettes, marijuana, and other illicit drugs. Editors' Strategic Implications: The authors interpret their findings as being more consistent with social learning than social control theory. This research, although cross-sectional and limited to adolescents' self-reports, contributes to a growing literature on the direct and indirect influences of parents on their teens' substance use rates. It speaks to the need for school- and community-based prevention efforts to focus on families as well as peers.

Parental and Peer Influences on the Risk of Adolescent Drug Use

A theoretical model of adolescent drug use is developed which integrates propositions derived from social control and differential association theories. The path model includes parental attachment, religious attachment, educational attachment, conventional values, and drug-using friends as precursors of drug use. For a sample of 2,626 adolescents from the southwestern United States, the model explains 34 percent of the variation in self-reported lifetime alcohol use, 27 percent in lifetime cigarette use, 42 percent in lifetime marijuana use, 26 percent in lifetime use of amphetamines and depressants, and 50 percent in overall lifetime drug use. The best single predictor of drug use is association with drug-using friends. The processes leading to involvement with drugs appear to be very similar across drug types. Adolescent drug use is widespread in America. Numerous recent authors suggest that involvement in such behavior has become a national concern, whether the substance is tobacco (Grunberg and Baum 1984; Humble et al. 1985; Lichtenstein 1982), alcohol (Barnes 1984; Pandina et al. 1984; Wechsler et al. 1984), marijuana (Hendin et al. 1981; Smith et al. 1982; Smith 1984), or other drugs (McDermott 1984; Marcos and Bahr 1985; Weidman 1983). Macdonald (1984) refers to adolescent drug use as a national disaster because of the high proportion of adolescents who use drugs and the negative consequences associated with use. By the time they are seniors in high school, over 90 percent of American adolescents have tried alcohol *Paper presented at the 1985 meeting of the Pacific Sociological Association. We acknowledge the cooperation of the schools that participated in this project, particularly the students who completed the questionnaires. We are grateful to Grant Rose and Tom Martin for computer assistance, to two anonymous referees for their suggestions, and to Norene Petersen and Brenda Johnson for clerical assistance. Address correspondence to Anastasios C. Marcos, Department of Sociology, 800 SWKT, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2578939

Test of a Bonding/Association Theory of Adolescent Drug Use

With questionnaire data from a random sample of 13,250 adolescents, we used structural equation modeling to estimate how mother-adolescent bonding, father-adolescent bonding, parental monitoring, family aggression, family drug problems, and religiosity were associated with adolescent drug use. Mother-adolescent bonding and family drug problems had modest, indirect effects on the likelihood of adolescent drug use. Fatheradolescent bonding, parental monitoring, and family aggression had relatively weak effects on adolescent drug use. Students who were religious tended not to use drugs or to have close friends who use drugs. The influence of these risk factors was similar for both females and males and for all three types of drugs. Key Words: adolescent drug use, parent-adolescent bonding, parental monitoring, religiosity. One of the current approaches to preventing adolescent drug use has been termed "risk-focused prevention" (Clayton, 1992; Hawkins, 1995; Newcomb & Bentler, 1986). Based on a public health model, the objective is to identify a variety of risk and protective factors associated with drug consumption and then implement community programs to reduce risk factors and increase protective factors. Although several family characteristics have been identified as risk and protective factors, there is uncertainty regarding how and to what extent different family characteristics may increase or decrease the likelihood that adolescents will use drugs (Clayton, 1992; Hawkins, Catalano, & Miller, 1992; Newcomb & Bentler, 1986). In addition, there has not been adequate attention given to religiosity as a protective factor. The purpose of this research is to examine several family characteristics and religiosity as risk and protective factors in adolescent drug use. PREVIOUS RESEARCH Families, religious organizations, schools, and peers are social groups where individuals form bonds and learn attitudes and values about the use of drugs. Here we summarize research on how adolescent drug consumption may be influenced by family characteristics, religiosity, educational commitment, and peers. For more complete reviews, consult Bahr and Hawks (1995), Hawkins et al. (1992), and Petraitis, Flay, and Miller (1995). Hawkins et al. (1992) identified four family characteristics that influence the likelihood of adolescent drug use: (a) low level of bonding to family, (b) poor and inconsistent family management practices, (c) family conflict, and (d) family alcohol and drug behavior and attitudes. We begin with a brief review of research on each of these four family characteristics. Bonding to Family Bonding is the amount of attachment, connection, or closeness adolescents feel toward their parents (Barber, 1997). In several theories of adolescent drug use, parent-adolescent bonding is one of the variables that tends to decrease the likelihood that adolescents will consume various drugs (Brook & Brook, 1990; Clayton, 1992; Hirschi, 1969; Petraitis et al., 1995). Using social control theory, scholars hypothesize that adolescents refrain from taking drugs because of the parent-adolescent bonds that have developed. When there are strong parent-child bonds, adolescents may respect, listen to, and desire to please their parents more than when bonds are weak. Thus, strong bonds may help adolescents resist pro-drug influences from peers. Bonding also may increase the extent to which children internalize parental values opposing substance use (Larzelere & Patterson, 1990). Some researchers have confirmed that strong bonds to parents tend to discourage initiation to drugs and that weak bonds tend to increase the likelihood of drug experimentation and use (Barnes, Farrell, & Cairns, 1986; Coombs, Paulson, & Richardson, 1991; Hundleby & Mercer, 1987; Smart, Chibucos, & Didier, 1990). This finding has been verified in different samples taken at different times using somewhat different measures of bonding. …

Family, Religiosity, and the Risk of Adolescent Drug Use.

In this research the authors examine the reentry of 51 parolees during the 3 years following their release from prison. The objective is to gain increased understanding of what differentiates successful parolees from those who fail. Success is defined as being discharged from parole by 3 years after release. The study examines the extent to which drug treatment, friendships, work, family bonds, and age are associated with reentry success. Contrary to expectations, it is found that closeness to mother, closeness to father, having a partner, being a parent, and education level are not associated with parole success. Those who succeed on parole are more likely to have taken a substance abuse class while in prison and on release tend to spend more time in enjoyable activities with friends. Among the employed, those that worked at least 40 hours a week are more likely to complete parole successfully. Qualitative data indicate that successful parolees had more support from family and friends and had more self-efficacy, which help them stay away from drugs and peers who use drugs. The findings are consistent with an integrated life course theory.

Successful Reentry: What Differentiates Successful and Unsuccessful Parolees?

Objective: This research provides estimates of how strongly family bonds, family drug use, age, educational commitment and peer drug use are associated with the frequency and amount of alcohol consumption among adolescents, and compares females and males. Method: Using questionnaire data from a random sample of 27,000 adolescents, structural equation modeling is used to evaluate the strength of several risk factors. Results: The influence of family bonds is moderately strong but operates primarily through peers; adolescents with higher family bonds are less likely to have close friends who are involved with drugs. Family bonds have a relatively strong, positive association with educational commitment, and adolescents with a higher educational commitment tend to drink less frequently; and when they drink, they tend to consume smaller amounts. Living in a family where other family members have a problem with alcohol or other drugs increases the chance that an adolescent has friends who drink or use other dr...

Stephen J. Bahr

Papers

Parental and Peer Influences on the Risk of Adolescent Drug Use

Test of a Bonding/Association Theory of Adolescent Drug Use

Family, Religiosity, and the Risk of Adolescent Drug Use.

Successful Reentry: What Differentiates Successful and Unsuccessful Parolees?

Family, educational and peer influences on the alcohol use of female and male adolescents.