Three-dimensional Problems of the Theory of Elasticity. By A. I. Lur’e.1964. (Interscience Publishers)

Gear finishing by abrasive processes

The theory of screws

In this article, the ball burnishing is applied on sculptured surfaces, aiming at enhance surface roughness. Different strategies are possible for burnishing, the continuous burnishing (CB) which uses a five-axis interpolation of the machine tool, and the patch burnishing (PB) using a more simple 3 + 2 axis interpolation. Using both techniques complex parts are burnished and a big improvement in surface roughness achieved, but some differences between both approaches appear. Two parts have been previously machined in a five-axis milling center and finished using the ball burnishing approaches. The first one is a steel AISI 1045 with a hemisphere shape, whose geometry is simple. The second one is a steel DIN 1.2379 part (64 HRC), with more complex features. Surface quality was evaluated for both burnishing approaches, obtaining significant improvements on surface roughness and hardness. The main general conclusion is that ball burnishing reduces roughness without penalizing the manufacturing time or surfac...

Five-Axis Machining and Burnishing of Complex Parts for the Improvement of Surface Roughness

A comparative study of the effectiveness of vibration and acoustic emission in diagnosing a defective bearing in a planetry gearbox

Foreword, Preface Gear-Design Trends Manufacturing Trends Small, Low-Cost Gears for Toys, Gadgets and Mechanisms Appliance Gears Machine Tools Control Gears Vehicle Gears Transportation Gears Marine Gears Aerospace Gears Industrial Gearing Gears in the Oil and Gas Industry Mill Gears Selection of the Right Kind of Gear External Spur Gears External Helical Gears Internal Gears Straight Bevel Gears Zerol Bevel Gears Spiral Bevel Gears Hypoid Gears Face Gears Crossed-Helical Gears (Nonenveloping Worm Gears) Single-Enveloping Worm Gears Double-Enveloping Worm Gears Spiroid Gears Preliminary Design Considerations Stress Formulas Calculated Stresses Gear-Design Limits Gear-Strength Calculations Gear Surface-Durability Calculations Gear Scoring Thermal Limits Preliminary Estimate of Gear Size Gear Specifications Size of Spur and Helical Gears by Q-Factor Method Indexes of Tooth Loading Estimating Spur- and Helical-Gear Size by K-Factor Estimating Bevel-Gear Size Estimating Worm-Gear Size Estimating Spiroid-Gear Size Data Needed for Gear Drawings Gear Dimensional Data Gear-Tooth Tolerances Gear Material and Heat Treat Data Enclosed Gear Unit Requirements Design Formulas Calculations of Gear-Tooth Data Number of Pinion Teeth Hunting Teeth Spur-Gear-Tooth Proportions Root Filler Radii of Curvature Long-Addendum Pinions Tooth Thickness Chordal Dimensions Degrees Roll and Limit Diameter Form Diameter and Contact Ratio Spur-Gear Dimension Sheet Internal-Gear Dimension Sheet Helical-Gear Tooth Proportions Helical-Gear Dimension Sheet Bevel-Gear Tooth Proportions Straight-Bevel-Gear Dimension Sheet Spiral-Bevel-Gear Dimension Sheet Zerol-Bevel-Gear Dimension Sheet Hypoid-Gear Calculations Face Gear Calculations Crossed-Helical-Gear Proportions Single-Enveloping-Worm-Gear Proportions Single-Enveloping Worm Gears Double-Enveloping Worm Gears Gear-Rating Practice General Considerations in Rating Calculations General Formulas for Tooth Bending Strength and Tooth Surface Durability Geometry Factors for Strength Overall Derating Factor for Strength Geometry Factors for Durability Overall Derating Factor for Surface Durability Load Rating of Worm Gearing Design Formulas for Scoring Trade Standards for Rating Gears Vehicle Gear-Rating Practice Marine Gear-Rating Practices Aerospace Gear-Rating Practices Gear Materials Steels for Gears Mechanical Properties Heat-Treating Techniques Heat-Treating Data Hardness Tests Localized Hardening of Gear Teeth Carburizing Nitriding Induction Hardening of Steel Flame Hardening of Steel Combined Heat Treatments Metallurgical Quality of Steel Gears Cast Irons for Gears Gray Cast Iron Ductile Iron Sintered Iron Nonferrous Gear Metals Kinds of Bronze Standard Gear Bronzes Nonmetallic Gears Thermosetting Laminates Nylon Gears Gear-Manufacturing Methods Gear-Tooth Cutting Gear Hobbing Shaping-Pinion Cutter Shaping-Rack Cutter Cutting Bevel Gears Gear Milling Broaching Gears Punching Gears G-TRAC Generating Gear Grinding Form Grinding Generating Grinding-Disc Wheel Generating Grinding-Bevel Gears Generating Grinding-Threaded Wheel Thread Grinding Gear Shaving, Rolling, and Honing Rotary Shaving Rack Shaving Gear Rolling Gear Honing Gear Measurement Gear Accuracy Measurements Machines to Measure Gears Gear Casting and Forming Cast and Molded Gears Sintered Gears Cold-Drawn Gears and Rolled Worm Threads Design of Tools to Make Gear Teeth Shaper Cutters Gear Hobs Spur-Gear Milling Cutters Worm Milling Cutters and Grinding Wheels Gear-Shaving Cutters Punching Tools Sintering Tools The Kinds and Causes of Gear Failures Analysis of Gear-System Problems Determining the Problem Possible Causes of Gear-System Failures Incompatibility of Gear Systems Investigation of Gear Systems Analysis of Tooth Failures and Gear Bearing Failures Nomenclature of Gear Failure Tooth Breakage Pitting of Gear Teeth Scoring Failures Wear Failures Gearbox Bearings Rolling-Element Bearings Sliding-Element Bearings Some Causes of Gear Failure Other than Excess Transmitted Load Overload Gear Failures Gear Casing Problems Lubrication Failures Thermal Problems in Fast-Running Gears Special Design Problems Center Distance Problems Profile Modification Problems Load Rating Problem Appendix Material Introduction to Gears Dynamic Load Theory Highest and Lowest Points of Single-Tooth Contact Layout of Large Circles by Calculation Special Calculations for Spur Gears Special Calculation for Internal Gears Special Calculation for Helical Gears Summary Sheets for Bevel Gears Complete AGMA and ISO Formulas for Bending Strength and Surface Durability Profile Modification Calculation Procedure The Basics of Gear-Tooth Measurement for Accuracy and Size Shaper-Cutter Tooth Thickness General Method for Determining Tooth Thicknesses when Helical Gears Are Operated on Spread Centers Calculation of Geometry Factor for Scoring References, Index 186 tables, 291 figures HUNDREDS OF ILLUSTRATIONS Almost 300 diagrams and other schematics, photographs and micrographs clearly illustrate gear designs, gearsets and assemblies, and applications. Here is a small sampling of these illustrations. Tractor power train Partially assembled double-reduction marine gear unit Two-stage epicyclic gear, close-coupled to a high-speed gas turbine Spur-gear and rack terminology Helical-gear and rack terminology Internal gear terminology Hypoid-gear arrangement Terminology of cone-drive worm gears Dimensions used in scoring-factor calculation Eight kinds of gear arrangements for spur or helical gears Standard drawing format for spiral bevel gears Calculation of bevel-gear body dimensions Worm-gear design examples Machine induction-hardening of large internal gear Metallurgical examples, nitrided gears (micrographs) Phenolic laminated gear with a steel hub ... Comparison of form grinding and generating grinding Operating principles of single-die gear-rolling machine Outline of methods for making gear teeth ALMOST 200 TABLES A wealth of data is economically provided in the many tables in this text. Here is a small sampling of this reference material. Gear Terms, Symbols and Units Scoring Calculation Methods Ratio Factors for Single-Reduction Gears Nominal Capacity of Double-Enveloping Worm Gearing Typical AGMA Gear Tolerances for Quality Numbers 9-13 Spur-Gear Proportions Tolerances on Tooth Thickness Spur-Gear Dimensions Helical-Gear Basic Tooth Data Indexes of Tooth Loading for Preliminary Design Calculations Straight-Bevel-Gear Dimensions Load-Stress Factors for Crossed-Helical Gears Nominal Lubricant Properties Composition of Typical Gear Steels Hardness-Testing Apparatus and Applications for Gears Some Examples of Production Time for Hobbing or Milling Gear Teeth Checklist (for) Investigating Gear Failures

Dudley's Handbook of Practical Gear Design and Manufacture

Dudley's Handbook of Practical Gear Design and Manufacture, Second Edition

Written by a leading expert, Theory of Gearing: Kinematics, Geometry, and Synthesis, Second Edition is intended for engineers and researchers in the field of gear design, gear production, gear inspection, and application of gears. It focuses on the scientific theory of gearing, in all its aspects, and its application to new gear types and designs.

Theory of Gearing: Kinematics, Geometry, and Synthesis

Despite decades of extensive research in this field, no solution to the problem of optimal part surface generation has been found. Kinematic Geometry Surface Machining fills the gap between the capabilities of modern multi-axis numerical controlled machines and the demands of the market. This book presents the latest research in the field of optimal surface generation. It provides an overview of modern CAD/CAM systems for high precision sculptured part surfaces. Including real-world examples and end-of-chapter references, the text also explains in detail how to develop the most cost-effective methods of machining for high quality sculptured surfaces on a multi-axis numerical controlled machine.

Kinematic geometry of surface machining

Part I: Basics Gears: Geometry of the Tooth Flanks Basic Kinds of Gears Analytical Description of Gear Tooth Flanks Gear Tooth Surfaces those Allowing Sliding Over Them Principal Kinematics of Gear Machining Operations Relative Motions in Gear Machining Rolling of the Conjugate Surfaces Kinematics of Continuously Indexing Methods of Gear Machining Processes Vectorial Representation of the Gear Machining Mesh Kinematic Relationships for the Gear Machining Mesh Configuration of the Vectors of Relative Motions Kinematics of Gear Machining Processes Elements of Coordinate Systems Transformations Coordinate Systems Transformation Conversion of the Coordinate System Orientation Direct Transformation of Surfaces Fundamental Forms Part II: Form Gear Cutting Tools Gear Broaching Tools Kinematics of the Gear Broaching Process Generating Surface of a Gear Broach Cutting Edges of the Gear Broaching Tools Chip Removal Diagrams Sharpening of Gear Broaches A Concept of Precision Gear Broaching Tool for Machining Involute Gears Application of Gear Broaching Tools Shear-Speed Cutting Rotary Broaches: Slater Tools Broaching Bevel Gear Teeth End-Type Gear Milling Cutters Kinematics of Gear Cutting with End-Type Milling Cutter Generating Surface of the End-Type Gear Milling Cutter Cutting Edge of the End-Type Gear Milling Cutter Accuracy of the Gear Tooth Flanks Machined with End-Type Milling Cutter Application of the End-Type Gear Milling Cutters Disk-Type Gear Milling Cutters Kinematics of Gear Cutting with Disk-Type Milling Cutter Generating Surface of the Disk-Type Gear Milling Cutter Cutting Edges of the Disk-Type Gear Milling Cutter Profiling of the Disk-Type Gear Milling Cutters Cutting Edge Geometry of the Disk-Type Milling Cutter Disk-Type Milling Cutters for Roughing of Gears Accuracy of the Gear Tooth Flanks Machined with the Disk-Type Milling Cutters Application of Disk-Type Gear Milling Cutters Nontraditional Methods of Gear Machining with Form Cutting Tools Plurality of Single-Parametric Motions Implementation of the Single-Parametric Motions for Designing of Form Gear Cutting Tool Diversity of Form Tools for Machining a Given Gear On Classification of Form Gear Tools Part III: Cutting Tools for Gear Generating Parallel-Axis Gear Machining Mesh Kinematics of the Parallel-Axis Gear Machining Mesh Rack Cutters for Planing of Gears Generating Surface of Rack Cutter On the Variety of Feasible Tooth Profiles of the Rack Cutters Cutting Edges of the Rack Cutter Profiling of the Rack Cutters Cutting Edge Geometry of the Rack Cutter Chip Thickness Cut by Cutting Edges of the Rack Cutter Tooth Accuracy of the Machined Gear Application of the Rack Cutters Potential Methods of Gear Cutting and Designs of Rack-Type Gear Cutting Tools Gear Shaper Cutters I: External Gear Machining Mesh Kinematics of Gear Shaping Operation Generating Surface of Gear Shaper Cutter Cutting Edges of the Shaper Cutter Profiling of Shaper Cutters Critical Distance to the Nominal Cross-Section of the Shaper Cutter The Cutting Edge Geometry of a Shaper Cutter Tooth Desired Corrections to the Shaper Cutter Tooth Profile Thickness of Chip Cut by Shaper Cutter Tooth Accuracy of Gears Cut with the Shaper Cutter Application of Gear Shaper Cutters Gear Shaper Cutters II: Internal Gear Machining Mesh Kinematics of Shaping Operation of an Internal Gear Design of Shaper Cutters Thickness of Chip Cut by the Gear Shaper Cutter Tooth Accuracy of the Shaped Internal Gears Enveloping Gear Shaper Cutters Application of Gear Shaper Cutters Part IV: Cutting Tools for Gear Generation Intersecting-Axis Gear Machining Mesh Kinematics of the Intersecting-Axis Gear Machining Mesh Gear Shapers with Tilted Axis of Rotation Kinematics of Gear Shaping Operation with the Shaping Cutters Having Tilted Axis of Rotation Determination of Generating Surface of a Shaper having Tilted Axis of Rotation Illustration of Capabilities of the External Intersecting-Axis Gear Machining Mesh Gear Cutting Tools for Machining Bevel Gears Principal Elements of Kinematics of Bevel Gear Generation Geometry of the Interacting Tooth Surfaces Peculiarities of Generation of Straight Bevel Gears with Offset Teeth Generation of Straight Bevel Gear Teeth Peculiarities of Straight Bevel Gear Cutting Milling of Straight Bevel Gears Machining of Bevel Gears having Curved Teeth Gear Shaper Cutters Having Tilted Axis of Rotation: Internal Gear Machining Mesh Principal Kinematics of Internal Gear Machining Mesh Peculiarities of Design of Gear Cutting Tools Part V: CUTTING TOOLS FOR GENERATING OF GEARS: Spatial Gear Machining Mesh Section V-A: Design of Gear Cutting Tools: External Gear Machining Mesh Generating Surface of the Gear Cutting Tool Kinematics of External Spatial Gear Machining Mesh Auxiliary Generating Surface of the Gear Cutting Tool Examples of Possible Kinds of Auxiliary Generating Surfaces of Gear Cutting Tools Generation of Generating Surface of a Gear Cutting Tool Use of the DG-Based Methods for the Determination of the Design Parameters of Generating Surfaces of the Gear Cutting Tools Possible Kinds of Generating Surfaces of Gear Cutting Tools Constraints on the Design Parameters of Generating Surface of a Gear Cutting Tool Hobs for Machining Gears Transformation of the Generating Surface into a Workable Gear Cutting Tool Geometry and Generation of Rake Surface of a Gear Hob Geometry and Generation of Clearance Surfaces of Gear Hobs Accuracy of Hobs for Machining of Involute Gears Design of Gear Hobs The Cutting Edge Geometry of a Gear Hob Tooth Constraints on the Parameters of Modification of the Hob Tooth Profile Application of Hobs for Machining Gears Gear Shaving Cutters Transformation of Generating Surface into a Workable Gear Shaving Cutter Design of Gear Shaving Cutters Axial Method of Gear Shaving Process Diagonal Method of Gear Shaving Process Tangential Method of Gear Shaving Process Plunge Method of Gear Shaving Process Advances in Design of Shaving Cutter Peculiarities of Gear Shaving Process Examples of Implementation of the Classification of Kinds of the Gear Machining Meshes A Hob for Tangential Gear Hobbing A Hob for Plunge Gear Hobbing Hobbing of a Face Gear A Worm-Type Gear Cutting Tool Having the Continuous HS-Cutting Edge Cutting Tools for Scudding Gears A Shaper Cutter with the Tilted Axis of Rotation for Shaping Cylindrical Gears A Gear Cutting Tool for Machining a Worm in Continuously Indexing Method Rack Shaving Cutters A Tool for Reinforcement of a Gear by Surface Plastic Deformation Conical Hob for Palloid Method of Gear Cutting Section V-B: Design of Gear Cutting Tools: Quasi-Planar Gear Machining Mesh Kinematics of Quasi-Planar Gear Machining Mesh Gear Cutting Tools for Machining Bevel Gears Design of a Gear Cutting Tool for Plunge Method of Machining of Bevel Gears Face Hob for Cutting Bevel Gear More Possibilities for Designing Gear Cutting Tools Based on Quasi-Planar Gear Machining Mesh Section V-C: Internal Work-Gear to Cutting Tool Mesh Kinematics of Internal Spatial Work-Gear to Cutting Tool Mesh Gear Cutting Tools Featuring Enveloping Generating Surface Gear Cutting Tools having a Cylindrical Generating Surface Gear Cutting Tools having Conical Generating Surface Gear Cutting Tools having a Toroidal Generating Surface Gear Cutting Tools for Machining Internal Gears Principal Design Parameters of a Gear Cutting Tool for Machining an Internal Gear Examples of Gear Cutting Tool for Machining an Internal Gear Conclusion Appendices References Index

Stephen P. Radzevich

Papers

Dudley's Handbook of Practical Gear Design and Manufacture

Dudley's Handbook of Practical Gear Design and Manufacture, Second Edition

Theory of Gearing: Kinematics, Geometry, and Synthesis

Kinematic geometry of surface machining

Gear Cutting Tools : Fundamentals of Design and Computation