A blind spot? the birth of an ideology clearing away the rubbish print culture nationalising religion the culture of science anatomising human nature the science of politics secularising modernising happiness from good sense to sensibility nature did the mind have a sex? education - a panacea the vulgar the pursuit of wealth reform progress the revolutionary era - "modern philosophy" lasting light?

Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World

Half-hourly measurements of the net exchanges of carbon dioxide and water vapor between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere provide estimates of gross primary production (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) at the ecosystem level and on daily to annual timescales. The ratio of these quantities represents ecosystem water use efficiency. Its multiplication with mean daylight vapor pressure deficit (VPD) leads to a quantity which we call “inherent water use efficiency” (IWUE*). The dependence of IWUE* on environmental conditions indicates possible adaptive adjustment of ecosystem physiology in response to a changing environment. IWUE* is analyzed for 43 sites across a range of plant functional types and climatic conditions. IWUE* increases during short-term moderate drought conditions. Mean annual IWUE* varied by a factor of 3 among all sites. This is partly explained by soil moisture at field capacity, particularly in deciduous broad-leaved forests. Canopy light interception sets the upper limits to canopy photosynthesis, and explains half the variance in annual IWUE* among herbaceous ecosystems and evergreen needle-leaved forests. Knowledge of IWUE* offers valuable improvement to the representation of carbon and water coupling in ecosystem process models

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Temporal and among-site variability of inherent water-use efficiency at the ecosystem level

The development of cognitive science is one of the most remarkable and fascinating intellectual achievements of the modern era. The quest to understand the mind is as old as recorded human thought; but the progress of modern science has offered new methods and techniques which have revolutionized this enquiry. Oxford University Press now presents a masterful history of cognitive science, told by one of its most eminent practitioners. Cognitive science is the project of understanding the mind by modeling its workings. Psychology is its heart, but it draws together various adjoining fields of research, including artificial intelligence; neuroscientific study of the brain; philosophical investigation of mind, language, logic, and understanding; computational work on logic and reasoning; linguistic research on grammar, semantics, and communication; and anthropological explorations of human similarities and differences. Each discipline, in its own way, asks what the mind is, what it does, how it works, how it developed - how it is even possible. The key distinguishing characteristic of cognitive science, Boden suggests, compared with older ways of thinking about the mind, is the notion of understanding the mind as a kind of machine. She traces the origins of cognitive science back to Descartes's revolutionary ideas, and follows the story through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when the pioneers of psychology and computing appear. Then she guides the reader through the complex interlinked paths along which the study of the mind developed in the twentieth century. Cognitive science, in Boden's broad conception, covers a wide range of aspects of mind: not just 'cognition' in the sense of knowledge or reasoning, but emotion, personality, social communication, and even action. In each area of investigation, Boden introduces the key ideas and the people who developed them. No one else could tell this story as Boden can: she has been an active participant in cognitive science since the 1960s, and has known many of the key figures personally. Her narrative is written in a lively, swift-moving style, enriched by the personal touch of someone who knows the story at first hand. Her history looks forward as well as back: it is her conviction that cognitive science today--and tomorrow--cannot be properly understood without a historical perspective. Mind as Machine will be a rich resource for anyone working on the mind, in any academic discipline, who wants to know how our understanding of our mental activities and capacities has developed.

Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science

Charles Darwin: The Power of Place

This article critiques the `dominant view' of the popularization of science that takes it as a one-way process of simplification, one in which scientific articles are the originals of knowledge that is then debased by translation for a public that is ignorant of such matters, a blank slate. Recent work is surveyed in several disciplines that questions the boundaries of scientific discourse and genres of popularization: who the actors are, how the discourses interact, what modes are involved, and what is communicated. Implications are drawn from these studies for discourse analysis.

Discourse Studies of Scientific Popularization: Questioning the Boundaries

L'A. demontre qu'il faudrait reconsiderer la negligence des etudes historiques de la science populaire et de la popularisation en fonction de l'hegemonie de la science elle-meme

Separate Spheres and Public Places: Reflections on the History of Science Popularization and Science in Popular Culture:

Summary The magnet served three interests of Restoration mechanical philosophers: it provided a model of cosmic forces, it suggested a solution to the problem of longitude determination, and evidence of its corpuscular mechanism would silence critics. An implicit condition of William Gilbert's ‘magnetic philosophy’ was the existence of a unique, immaterial magnetic virtue. Restoration mechanical philosophers, while claiming descent from their compatriot, worked successfully to disprove this, following an experimental regime of Henry Power. Magnetic philosophy lost its coherence and became subsumed in the study of effluvia. This contradiction of a distinct, yet mechanical magnetic philosophy came to a head in 1684 in an argument between Robert Hooke and Martin Lister. An effluvial explanation of magnetism introduced great complexity to the North-seeking behaviour of compass needles, and undermined the already troubled longitude programme. Thus magnetic philosophy no longer furthered the interests which had...

Mechanizing magnetism in restoration England—the decline of magnetic philosophy

In this paper I examine the emerging role ofcuratorship, the task of the private trying and public showing of experiments, in the early Royal Society. During the period of this study, 1660-87, the Curatorship of Experiments evokes the name of one man, Robert Hooke, who held a salaried postion of that title. Brilliant, skilful and productive, Hooke was virtually the sole supplier of artificial experiences to an addicted audience, the fulcrum around whom turned the forces shaping the new experimental philosophy under construction at the Royal Society. He was by turns the willing and wilful medium through which Fellows' ideas were materialized in private trials and, in the reverse process, made into public knowledge. Yet, despite his intellectual importance, Hooke struggled to achieve social acceptance. Current interests in the process of experimental knowledge construction, and in the social determination of scientific authority, have made the early Royal Society in general, and Robert Hooke in particular, fertile areas of research. Some of the issues of this paper have also been explored recently, particularly by Hunter and Shapin.' This paper has benefited greatly from Hunter's display of the fine structure of the early Society, and independently supports Shapin's conclusion that Hooke's non-gentlemanly status affected his credibility as a philosopher. However, while Shapin primarily investigates Hooke's relations with the Honourable Robert Boyle, mine is a parallel study of his dealings with the Royal Society. The central question of the status accorded to a Curator of Experiments emerges when we realize that, contrary to received histories, Hooke was never "the Curator of Experiments", and certainly was not made so in 1662 in prestigious recognition of his experimental genius. His novel position, like that of experimental curators in general, evolved, often rather contingently, as Hunter has recently shown in connection with Hooke's Cutlerian Lectureship.? We need therefore to ask what was a curator, what were the role norms, how did they change, what status or power did he have and, more important, how in fact did Hooke play the part? How could Hooke dominate the early Society's programme from a position which it intended, and Newton later insisted, was a passive one? This is the first attempt to answer these questions,

Ideas above His Station: A Social Study of Hooke's Curatorship of Experiments:

List of contributors Preface 1. Introduction Thomas Dixon Part I. Categories: 2. 'Science' and 'religion': constructing the boundaries Peter Harrison 3. Science and religion in postmodern perspective: the case of Bruno Latour Jan Golinski Part II. Narratives: 4. Religion and the changing historiography of the Scientific Revolution Margaret J. Osler 5. The late-Victorian conflict of science and religion as an event in nineteenth-century intellectual and cultural history Frank M. Turner 6. Islam, Christianity and the conflict thesis B. Harun Kucuk Part III. Evolution and Creationism: 7. Evolution and creationism in the Islamic world Salman Hameed 8. Understanding creationism and evolution in America and Europe Bronislaw Szerszynski Part IV. The Politics of Publishing: 9. A global history of science and religion Sujit Sivasundaram 10. The Scopes trial beyond science and religion Adam R. Shapiro 11. Science, religion, and the history of the book Jonathan R. Topham Part V. Ways Forward: 12. Sciences and religions: what it means to take historical perspectives seriously Noah Efron 13. Simplifying complexity: patterns in the history of science and religion Ronald L. Numbers 14. What shall we do with the 'Conflict Thesis'? Geoffrey Cantor Select bibliography Index.

Science and Religion: New Historical Perspectives

The growth of modern science has been accompanied by the growth of professionalization. We can unquestionably speak of professional science since the nineteenth century, although historians dispute about where, when and how much. It is much more problematic and anachronistic to do so of the late seventeenth century, despite the familiar view that the period saw the origin of modern experimental science. This paper explores the broad implications of that problem.

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Stephen Pumfrey

Papers

Separate Spheres and Public Places: Reflections on the History of Science Popularization and Science in Popular Culture:

Mechanizing magnetism in restoration England—the decline of magnetic philosophy

Ideas above His Station: A Social Study of Hooke's Curatorship of Experiments:

Science and Religion: New Historical Perspectives

Who did the work? Experimental philosophers and public demonstrators in Augustan England