El proyecto de investigación

Since the Digne Convention in 1991, the literature related to Geoparks has gained a growing interest on the academy’s part, especially in achieving the preservation of geological interest sites through sustainable tourism. This article aims to provide an analysis of the academic research on Geoparks, based on publications in the Scopus database in the period 2002–2020. Bibliometric analysis methods and bibliographic display maps were examined using VOSviewer software. The bibliometric analysis process comprises three phases: (i) Search Criteria and Source Identification, (ii) software and data extraction, and (iii) data analysis and interpretation. The results show geoparks in full growth as a scientific discipline, thanks to the contribution of various authors, institutions, journals, and related topics that confirm the importance of this field of study. Additionally, bibliometric maps lead to an understanding of the intellectual structure of the subject, in which keyword co-occurrence analysis shows six main themes, ranging from ‘UNESCO Global Geoparks’ to ‘Geo-tourism-Sustainable Tourism’. this, combined with maps of co-citation, broadly exhibits this structure and development, showing areas of current interest and potential development, thus offering the latest knowledge on Geopark research worldwide. There is a growing concentration of research on geomorphological heritage and geo-tourism, focusing on methodologies to evaluate the specialities of this type of heritage and define the concept of geo-tourism; there is a great interest especially in the evaluation and identification of geo-site/geo-morphosites which try to eliminate subjectivity in methods and focus on sustainable development of the localities.

Worldwide Research on Geoparks through Bibliometric Analysis

This editorial is to inform the readers of the international journal of Environmental Earth Sciences of the history, progress and status of the journal, which is published by Springer Science ? Business Media (Springer). Environmental Earth Sciences serves the disciplines of environmental geology, engineering geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, carbonate hydrology, karst and caves, geochemistry, geophysics, land use management, geohazards, mining impacts, mineralogy, landfill management, geomorphology, geomathematics, earthquakes and seismicity, desertification, remote sensing, geographic information systems, geostatistics, computational science, modeling, soils, radioactivity and nuclear science, sedimentology, and oceanography. The journal was first published in 1975 as Environmental Geology for which Dr. L. Jan Turk served as Editorin-Chief (EIC) with an Editorial Board of 18 members. In 1980, Dr. Philip E. LaMoreaux, Sr., President of P.E. LaMoreaux and Associates, Inc. (PELA), was appointed as EIC and served faithfully in that capacity until his death in June 2008. At his death, Dr. James W. LaMoreaux was appointed as EIC after serving several years on the Editorial Board for the journal. Due to the increase in the number of manuscripts received for the journal, Dr. Gunter Dorhofer was appointed by Springer in the early 1990s as EIC for Europe after having served for several years on the Editorial Board. In 2014, Dr. Olaf Kolditz was appointed as the third EIC due to the journal’s rapid expansion and for the management of its thematic issues, which are dedicated to comprehensive collections on special topics in environmental earth sciences. Dr. Kolditz had served for several years as Associate Editor for the journal. Since its inception, there have been varied titles for the journal: Environmental Geology, Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, Environmental Geology (again). It is now titled Environmental Earth Sciences as a result of broadening the aims and scope of the journal to reach the broader sphere of environmental earth sciences. As a result of extending the aims and scope, the journal has significantly expanded, increasing the need for more assistance with the management of the journal. As of January 2015, Springer has appointed ten Associate Editors (AEs) for the journal who will assist in managing the submitted manuscripts. The present Editorial Board consists of 37 members. In the mid-2000s, Springer implemented the online submission capability, which aided authors in a faster and easier method in which to submit a manuscript. As a result, the rate of manuscript submissions increased significantly, causing a rapid rise in the number of issues published annually. In the first few years, the journal only published two to four issues per year containing about ten manuscripts per issue. When submissions began to increase, Springer increased the number of issues per year to eight, then twelve, then eighteen and now 24 issues per year. Since the broadening of the aims and scope of the journal, the number of submissions has substantially increased each year with a monumental number of 2151 manuscripts J. W. LaMoreaux (&) P.E. LaMoreaux and Associates, Inc., Tuscaloosa, AL, USA e-mail: eeswest@yahoo.com

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Environmental earth sciences

La investigación-acción participativa

Congruence and placement in sponsorship: An eye-tracking application.

Participatory Action Research (PAR) involving local communities and geological heritage were examined in the framework of the ‘Litoral del Biobio’ Mining Geopark project (Chile). A broad spectrum of the population was involved in testing the suitability of PAR methods to determine the sociological perception of geology, geo-tourism and geoconservation, and thus to contribute to define future local development initiatives. Specifically, 56 workshops were realized on basic geological concepts, field experiences in geosites, Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis and identification of specific strategic plans. The study involved 637 participants, including local administrators, private companies, chambers of commerce and tourism, social entities, the general public and Lafkenche indigenous communities. Participants considered important the workshops and their learning about basic geological concepts. The main result of these workshops was the collection of information for the design of strategic plans for each of the communes and the empowerment of the local community. This was ratified by letters of commitment from associations and participants to the Geopark initiative. This research enabled the communities to identify four strategic areas: education; tourism; heritage; and public-private coordination, which will be considered in the elaboration of specific development plans. This bottom-up strategy has allowed demonstration that geotourism has the potential to contribute to the sustainable development of the territory, and can benefit areas with very different socio-economic realities: the indigenous peoples of the south, which are rural (sustained by agriculture and fishing) and those of the north, which lives mainly in highly populated cities with high unemployment, where industrial reconversion did not allow all of them to overcome the crisis after the closure of the mining industry.

Bottom-up strategy for the use of geological heritage by local communities: Approach in the “Litoral del Biobío” Mining Geopark project (Chile)

This chapter examines the intenion of attending a sporting event using a cognitive-affective model. By using a survey at an international event, the authors show that emotions have a direct effect on satisfaction and an intermediary effect on the expectation disconfirmation and satisfaction and finally disconfirmation and satisfaction on the intention of attending the sport event. These results suggest that the organizers of sport events should pay special attention to emotional management before and during the activity.

The Intention of Attending a Sporting Event Through Expectation Disconfirmation and the Effect of Emotions

Academics, professionals, and business strategist agree on the importance of consistency in the act of sponsorship to measure their effectiveness (Woisetschlager and Michaelis 2012). The congruence measures the relationship fit between sponsor–sponsee as perceived by the consumer. Previous studies have linked the ability of neuroimaging to predict the acceptance of advertisements (Vecchiato Kong and Wei 2012). The objective of the research is to measure the effect of congruence on the effectiveness of sponsorship and processing information from a neuroscientific point of view.

The Effect of Congruence on the Attention and Sponsorship Processing: An Application of Neuromarketing by Electroencephalogram

The Mediator of Disconfirmation on Satisfaction and Consumer Intentions: Practical Application Effect in a Sporting Event

This chapter firstly aims to introduce the notion of sports sponsorship and the effect it has on the commercialization of products and services with society and, more importantly, its use by companies to project a positive image associated with their brand and objectives. Secondly, the chapter explains the various measurement and evaluation tools available for efficacy transmission of image in sponsorship. It provides a process model for the implementation of the sport sponsorship model based on Irwin and Asimakopoulos (1992) and later adapted by Karg (2007). Finally, the chapter compares sports sponsorship investment in Chile with more advanced countries such as Spain and the United States and how companies allocate funding towards sports with the aim of increasing their brand in associated markets.

Steve Baeza

Papers

Bottom-up strategy for the use of geological heritage by local communities: Approach in the “Litoral del Biobío” Mining Geopark project (Chile)

The Intention of Attending a Sporting Event Through Expectation Disconfirmation and the Effect of Emotions

The Effect of Congruence on the Attention and Sponsorship Processing: An Application of Neuromarketing by Electroencephalogram

The Mediator of Disconfirmation on Satisfaction and Consumer Intentions: Practical Application Effect in a Sporting Event

Effect of Image Transmission in Sports Sponsorship in Chile