An efficient ghost-cell immersed boundary method (GCIBM) for simulating turbulent flows in complex geometries is presented. A boundary condition is enforced through a ghost cell method. The reconstruction procedure allows systematic development of numerical schemes for treating the immersed boundary while preserving the overall second-order accuracy of the base solver. Both Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions can be treated. The current ghost cell treatment is both suitable for staggered and non-staggered Cartesian grids. The accuracy of the current method is validated using flow past a circular cylinder and large eddy simulation of turbulent flow over a wavy surface. Numerical results are compared with experimental data and boundary-fitted grid results. The method is further extended to an existing ocean model (MITGCM) to simulate geophysical flow over a three-dimensional bump. The method is easily implemented as evidenced by our use of several existing codes.

A Ghost-Cell Immersed Boundary Method for Flow in Complex Geometry

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Principles Of Enhanced Heat Transfer

https://ir.nctu.edu.tw:443/bitstream/11536/31710/1/000077189000011.pdf

Evaporation heat transfer and pressure drop of refrigerant R-134a in a small pipe

Indoor air humidity, air quality, and health - An overview.

Immersed boundary methods for simulating fluid-structure interaction

http://people.ku.edu/~z190z415/publications/ijhff2008.pdf

Study of heat-transfer on the surface of a circular cylinder in flow using an immersed-boundary method

Experimental heat transfer coefficients are reported for HFC-134a and CFC-12 during in-tube single-phase flow, evaporation and condensation. These heat transfer coefficients were measured in a horizontal, smooth tube with an inner diameter of 8.0 mm and a length of 3.67 m. The refrigerant in the test-tube was heated or cooled by using water flowing through an annulus surrounding the tube. Evaporation tests were performed for a refrigerant temperature range of 5–15°C with inlet and exit qualities of 10 and 90%, respectively. For condensation tests, the refrigerant temperature ranged from 30 to 50°C, with et and exit qualities of 90 and 10%, respectively. The mass flux was varied from 125 to 400 kg m−2 s−1 for all tests. For similar mass fluxes, the evaporation and condensation heat transfer coefficients for HFC-134a were significantly higher than those of CFC-12. Specifically, HFC-134a showed a 35–45% increase over CFC-12 for evaporation and a 25–35% increase over CFC-12 for condensation.

/pdf/an-experimental-comparison-of-evaporation-and-condensation-1l5mnn20t1.pdf

An experimental comparison of evaporation and condensation heat transfer coefficients for HFC-134a and CFC-12

Dimensional analysis on the evaporation and condensation of refrigerant R-134a in minichannel plate heat exchangers

Average in-tube heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops during condensation are reported for condensation of refrigerant R-134a/lubricant mixtures in a smooth tube and a micro-fin tube of 9.52-mm (3/8-in.) outer diameter. The lubricants tested were 169-SUS and 369-SUS penta erythritol ester mixed acids. Lubricant concentrations ranged from 0% to 5%. The average saturation temperature in the test tube was approximately 40 C (104 F). The mass flux of the refrigerant-lubricant mixtures was varied from 85 kg/m{sup 2}{center_dot}s (62,700 lb/ft{sup 2}{center_dot}h) to 375 kg/m{sup 2}{center_dot}s (276,640 lb/ft{sup 2}{center_dot}h). Heat transfer coefficients during condensation decreased with the addition of lubricants in all cases. Condensation pressure drops increased with the addition of the 169-SUS ester lubricant in both the smooth tube and the micro-fin tube. The addition of the 369-SUS lubricant did not affect pressure drops in the smooth tube, but it decreased the pressure drops in the micro-fin tube. Pure R-134a heat transfer coefficients in the micro-fin tube were 100% to 200% higher than those in the smooth tube, with the higher values occurring at the lower mass fluxes. Pressure drops in the micro-fin tube were 20% to 50% higher than those in the smooth tube. Design equations are presented that aidmore » in predicting the heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops of R-134a/lubricant mixtures in the smooth and micro-fin tubes.« less

In-tube heat transfer and pressure drop of R-134a and ester lubricant mixtures in a smooth tube and a micro-fin tube. Part 2: Condensation

Nearly 600 articles were located in citation and keyword searches regarding the effects of humidity on comfort, health, and indoor environmental quality. Of these, around 70 articles reported the effects of low humidity (relative humidity ≤ 40%) and were analyzed in detail. Information in some categories was well chronicled, while other categories had significant knowledge gaps. Low humidity decreased house dust mite allergens. Due to different envelopes, generalizations could not be made for all bacteria and viruses. However, lower humidity increased virus survival for influenza. For comfort, low humidity had little effect on thermal comfort, but skin dryness, eye irritation, and static electricity increased as humidity decreased. For indoor environmental quality, low humidity had nonuniform effects on volatile organic compound emissions and perceived indoor air quality. Across many low humidity studies, ventilation rates and exposure times were noted as confounding variables. A majority of studies that ...

/pdf/update-of-the-scientific-evidence-for-specifying-lower-limit-12zhknb9di.pdf

Update of the scientific evidence for specifying lower limit relative humidity levels for comfort, health, and indoor environmental quality in occupied spaces (RP-1630)

Steven J. Eckels

Papers

Study of heat-transfer on the surface of a circular cylinder in flow using an immersed-boundary method

An experimental comparison of evaporation and condensation heat transfer coefficients for HFC-134a and CFC-12

Dimensional analysis on the evaporation and condensation of refrigerant R-134a in minichannel plate heat exchangers

In-tube heat transfer and pressure drop of R-134a and ester lubricant mixtures in a smooth tube and a micro-fin tube. Part 2: Condensation

Update of the scientific evidence for specifying lower limit relative humidity levels for comfort, health, and indoor environmental quality in occupied spaces (RP-1630)