Kinetic data are reported describing the stability of various classes of polyphenolic antioxidants in an apple juice enriched in these compounds as a function of storage temperature and oxygen concentration. The most thermally sensitive compounds were the various quercetin glycosides and epicatechin, whereas phloridzin and chlorogenic acid were more stable. The quercetin glycosides showed differences in their stability: quercetin galactoside approximately quercetin rhamnoside > quercetin glucoside/rutinoside > quercetin arabinoside. The effect of the presence of oxygen on the degradation rates was clear for only quercetin and to a lesser extent for epicatechin. Accelerated shelf-life testing of enriched apple juice during 4 days at 80 degrees C showed decreases in the antioxidant activity of 20-40%. The parameters obtained were used to predict the stability at different storage conditions. Calculations showed that polyphenolic antioxidants and antioxidant activity of enriched apple juice will be quite stable at ambient or refrigerated storage conditions up to half a year.

Activity and concentration of polyphenolic antioxidants in apple juice. 3. Stability during storage

Leadership, and the study of this phenomenon, has roots in the beginning of civilization. Our work, work environment, worker motivations, leaders, managers, leadership style, and a myriad of other work-related variables have been studied for almost two centuries. Over time, organizations have evolved from those with an authoritarian style to ones with a more comfortable work environment, and then to organizations where people are empowered, encouraged, and supported in their personal and professional growth. This paper examines how leader focus has changed over time, the nuances of leader focus as captured in the progression of leadership theory. Leadership, and the study of it, has roots in the beginning of civilization. Egyptian rulers, Greek heroes, and biblical patriarchs all have one thing in common–leadership. There are numerous definitions and theories of leadership, however, there are enough similarities in the definitions to conclude that leadership is an effort of influence and the power to induce compliance (Wren, 1995). Our work, work environment, the motivation to work, leaders, leadership, leadership style, and a myriad of other work-related variables have been studied for almost two centuries. The organizational focus of the leader has evolved over this same period. Early organizations with authoritarian leaders who believed employees were intrinsically lazy transitioned into way to make work environments more conducive to increased productivity rates. Today, organizations are transforming into places where people are empowered, encouraged, and supported in their personal and professional growth throughout their careers. As the focus of leaders has changed over time, it has influenced and shaped the development and progression of leadership theory. Early Leader Studies The Industrial Revolution shifted America's economy from an agriculture base to an industrial one and, thereby, ushered in a change in how leaders would treat their followers. The Industrial Revolution created a paradigm shift to a new theory of leadership in which " common " people gained power by virtue of their skills (Clawson, 1999). New technology, however, was accompanied and reinforced by mechanization of human thought and action, thus creating hierarchical bureaucracies (Morgan, 1997). One major contributor to this era of management and leadership theory was Max Weber, a German sociologist who " observed the parallels between the mechanization of industry and the proliferation of

The History of Leadership Focus

The agreement between a leader's self-rating of leadership and ratings from the leader's subordinates, peers, and superiors (i.e., self-other agreement) is critical to understanding leadership, but questions remain regarding the extent to which leaders are aware of their behaviors. This meta-analysis investigates whether leader-observer agreement is influenced by type of observer and type of leadership. First, we examined the convergence (i.e., correlation) between leader- and observer-ratings along several dimensions of leadership (e.g., initiating structure, consideration, contingent reward, and transformational leadership). Our results indicated that leader-observer correlations were generally moderate and of similar magnitudes for task- and relation-oriented behaviors (with the exception of a strong correlation for contingent reward). Next, we compared leaders' and observers' mean-level ratings (i.e., Cohen's d ), and found that leaders generally reported lower or similar levels of task-oriented behaviors but higher levels of relation-oriented behaviors. Last, several variables (e.g., sampling method and study purpose) moderated leader-observer convergence. Implications of these findings for research, theory, and practice are discussed.

Seeing eye to eye: A meta-analysis of self-other agreement of leadership

Leadership, viewed by the American Dietetic Association as the ability to inspire and guide others toward building and achieving a shared vision, is a much written-about topic. Research on leadership has addressed the topic using many different approaches, from a very simplistic definition of traits to a more complex process involving interactions, emotions, and learning. Thousands of books and papers have been published on the topic of leadership. This review paper will provide examples of the varying foci of the writings on this topic and includes references for instruments used to measure leadership traits and behaviors. Research is needed to determine effective strategies for preparing dietitians to be effective leaders and assume leadership positions. Identifying ways to help dietitians better reflect on their leadership experiences to enhance their learning and leadership might be one strategy to explore.

Leadership: Reflections Over the Past 100 Years

A rapid in vitro method for measuring antioxidant activity is presented, which enables the evaluation of health claims and the optimization of product development with respect to health protecting compounds. Antioxidant activity is assessed in a system in which lipid peroxidation is induced in male rat liver microsomes by ascorbic acid and FeSO(4). This method has been significantly improved by enabling the use of microtiter plates and an ELISA reader. Large numbers of samples can be analyzed with good reproducibility, which is necessary when dealing with microsomes possessing biological variability. An objective mathematical procedure has been developed to translate data obtained from the lipid peroxidation assay into a value describing the antioxidant activity. As an illustration the method has been applied to measure antioxidant activity of individual flavonoids and apple juice.

An Improved, Rapid in Vitro Method To Measure Antioxidant Activity. Application on Selected Flavonoids and Apple Juice

Objective To identify leadership qualities of clinical nutrition managers and associate these leadership qualities with selected demographic variables (eg, training/degree, length of time in management, number of people supervised, income, and participation in advanced practice activities) Design The theory of transformational leadership, that is, leadership that incorporates specific interpersonal behaviors of the leader and his or her actions within the organization, provided the framework for the study Specific transformational leadership qualities — leader behavior, leader personal characteristics, and the effect of the leader on organizational functioning and culture — were measured using the Leadership Behavior Questionnaire (LBQ) The reliability and validity of the LBQ have been reported previously Other data were obtained using two demographic surveys Sample Demographic surveys were mailed to 1,599 members of the Clinical Nutrition Management dietetic practice group From the 951 (598%) respondents, a study sample of 150 clinical nutrition managers and their subordinates was selected to receive the LBQ; 116 (773%) instrument sets were used for analysis Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the demographic surveys A specified mixed linear model repeated measures Statistical Analysis System procedure was used to compare clinical manager and subordinate LBQ scores Association of the selected demographic variables with leadership qualities was measured by A,, a predictive value measure, using the BMDP 4F program Results Clinical nutrition managers exhibited transformational leadership qualities as rated by the LBQ, rating lowest on the communication leadership score and highest on the respectful leadership score Most of the clinical nutrition manager self LBQ scores were significantly higher than the clinical nutrition manager LBQ scores rated by subordinates The selected demographic variables appeared to have the strongest predictive effect for the visionary culture building subscore of the LBQ The visionary culture building subscore is a measure of how well the leader interacts with and affects the functioning of an organization Applications/Conclusions More research is needed to define leadership in dietetics: this study can serve as a possible model One way clinical nutrition managers may be able to enhance their leadership behaviors is to strengthen their skills in communicating their vision Programs are needed to help clinical nutrition managers shape their organizations to foster leadership development in their subordinates J Am Diet Assoc 1996; 96:39-45

Steven Strasser

Papers

Transformational Leadership of Clinical Nutrition Managers