Trust is emerging as a key element of success in the on-line environment. Although considerable research on trust in the offline world has been performed, to date empirical study of on-line trust has been limited. This paper examines on-line trust, specifically trust between people and informational or transactional websites. It begins by analysing the definitions of trust in previous offline and on-line research. The relevant dimensions of trust for an on-line context are identified, and a definition of trust between people and informational or transactional websites is presented. We then turn to an examination of the causes of on-line trust. Relevant findings in the human-computer interaction literature are identified. A model of on-line trust between users and websites is presented. The model identifies three perceptual factors that impact on-line trust: perception of credibility, ease of use and risk. The model is discussed in detail and suggestions for future applications of the model are presented.

On-line trust: concepts, evolving themes, a model

Given the importance of credibility in computing products, the research on computer credibility is relatively small. To enhance knowledge about computers and credibility, we define key terms relating to computer credibility, synthesize the literature in this domain, and propose three new conceptual frameworks for better understanding the elements of computer credibility. To promote further research, we then offer two perspectives on what computer users evaluate when assessing credibility. We conclude by presenting a set of credibility-related terms that can serve in future research and evaluation endeavors.

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The elements of computer credibility

Artificial Intelligence and Tutoring Systems

Steps to take before intelligent user interfaces become real

DESPITE THE RECENT DRAMATIC TRENDS IN THE DIFfusion of information technology, the significance of these developments is still not clear. Also lacking is a critical understanding of these developments and a sound theoretical and empirical base from which to observe and analyze them. Supporting such an analysis, this article raises both empirical and theoretical concerns in an attempt to capture the structure and dynamics of computer adoption and use in the home. Computers and Other Interactive Technologies for the Home A l l a d i V e n k a t e s h

Computers and other interactive technologies for the home : The Internet @ home

This thesis consists of five research reports dealing with different aspects of the design of interactive application oriented software. A generalized framework for dialogue design is presented and the implementation of customized programming environments, supporting computer utilization for specific applications is discussed. Highlights of our presentation are:Uniform treatment of different kinds of end-user dialogues, especially with respect to irregular or unexpected terminal inputsEmphasis on programming environments instead of language design, promoting (he view of programming as a specification process performed with a data editor.Introduction of an intermediate system level, where a general-purpose programming system is specialized for a given class of applications, through the support of specialized conceptual frameworks and default mechanisms.Promotion of control independence in the sense that the specification of program execution particulars, such as end-user interactions etc., is postponed as long as possible and liable to subsequent change without reprogramming.

Contributions to the development of methods and tools for interactive design of applications software

Knowledge systems can be regarded as agents communicating between domain experts and end users. We emphasize the concept of “communication knowledge”, distinct from the domain knowledge. Three aspects of communication knowledge are identified and research related to them presented. These are domain-related knowledge, discourse knowledge and mediating knowledge. This frame of reference is applied in the contexts of knowledge acquisition, user interface management in knowledge systems, text generation in expert critiquing systems and tutoring systems. We discuss the implications of the proposed framework in terms of implemented systems and finally suggest a future research agenda emanating from the analyses.

Communication knowledge for knowledge communication

Although there is an ever increasing demand for new technology and innovations in the economy and society in general, we currently know little about the conditions for stimulating creativity in relation to research and innovative activity. This book fills a significant gap in the literature by examining the environmental factors that encourage creative working processes for research and innovation. Uniquely, the book investigates creative environments rather than creative individuals which has been the traditional focus of most previous research. The authors first explain what a creative knowledge environment (CKE) is and then examine the phenomenon in a number of case-studies at the micro, meso and macro-levels. By analysing the conditions and mechanisms conducive to creativity in both private and public institutions, they are able to identify which work environments appear to best stimulate the creation of knowledge. They combine and integrate the previously rather disparate literature on creativity and innovation, and summarise what we know about creativity on the basis of current research in a range of disciplines. They also link their findings to contemporary debates about the knowledge society, the knowledge economy and knowledge management, and address relevant issues in science and technology policy relating to knowledge production and exploitation. The concluding chapter summarises what we now know about CKEs and how best to stimulate them, including a discussion of the policy implications and an agenda for future research. Academics and researchers in the fields of science and technology policy, innovation management and business will welcome this original and insightful book. It will also be a useful reference for policymakers involved in knowledge management, and practitioners in R&D departments, universities and knowledge-intensive business sectors.

The Industry Doctoral Student : An educational challenge for academia and industry

Expert critiquing systems present an interesting and important complement to conventional expert systems. The basic idea is to emphasize the support for the user's own decision making rather than to let the system independently suggest a solution to a given problem. Thus it is assumed that the user initially proposes a decision or course of action. The system then reviews this suggestion relative to known circumstance, tries to evaluate the proposed solution, provides suggestions for improvements, draws attention to possible risks, indicates alternatives, and evaluates their merits, etc. A critiquing system is characterized both by its approach to problem solving and by its style of interaction with the user, as will be detailed below.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0269888900000308

Introducing expert critiquing systems

In order to counteract the digital divide and to enable the society to reach all its citizens with various kinds of e-services, there is a need to develop access methods and terminal technologies suited also for groups with weak access to the Internet, not the least elderly and people needing care in their homes. In this chapter, the authors will describe technologies for using digital pen and paper as data input media for e-services and computing applications, refer a number of applications together with studies and evaluations of their usability, and finally comment upon future prospects for integrating digital pen and paper as an effortless technique for data capture, especially in order to counteract and diminish the digital divide. The use of digital pen and paper technologies is exemplified with applications demonstrating its appropriateness in home care for elderly, for free-form recording of data on paper such as maps, and as a remote control for a TV set or other electronic appliances with rich functionality in the home.

Sture Hägglund

Papers

Contributions to the development of methods and tools for interactive design of applications software

Communication knowledge for knowledge communication

The Industry Doctoral Student : An educational challenge for academia and industry

Introducing expert critiquing systems

Effortless Data Capture for Ambient E-Services with Digital Pen and Paper Technology