https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/itej/64/8/64_1219/_pdf

Introduction of LTE

• SLR is conducted using PRISMA approach and148 articles are selected and critically analyzed. • The results show the extent of digital technologies adoption in agriculture. • The potential benefits of digital technologies and roadblocks hindering their implementation in agriculture sector are identified and discussed. • The study will positively impact the research around agriculture 4.0. Agriculture is considered one of the most important sectors that play a strategic role in ensuring food security. However, with the increasing world's population, agri-food demands are growing — posing the need to switch from traditional agricultural methods to smart agriculture practices, also known as agriculture 4.0. To fully benefit from the potential of agriculture 4.0, it is significant to understand and address the problems and challenges associated with it. This study, therefore, aims to contribute to the development of agriculture 4.0 by investigating the emerging trends of digital technologies in the agricultural industry. For this purpose, a systematic literature review based on Protocol of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses is conducted to analyse the scientific literature related to crop farming published in the last decade. After applying the protocol, 148 papers were selected and the extent of digital technologies adoption in agriculture was examined in the context of service type, technology readiness level, and farm type. The results have shown that digital technologies such as autonomous robotic systems, internet of things, and machine learning are significantly explored and open-air farms are frequently considered in research studies (69%), contrary to indoor farms (31%). Moreover, it is observed that most use cases are still in the prototypical phase. Finally, potential roadblocks to the digitization of the agriculture sector were identified and classified at technical and socio-economic levels. This comprehensive review results in providing useful information on the current status of digital technologies in agriculture along with prospective future opportunities. 

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The digitization of agricultural industry – a systematic literature review on agriculture 4.0

Fiber-Optic Communication

Optical switches based semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) for performance characteristics enhancement by using various electrical pulse generators

Monitoring water quality is an essential tool for the control of pollutants and pathogens that can cause damage to the environment and human health. However, water quality analysis is usually performed in laboratory environments, often with the use of high-cost equipment and qualified professionals. With the progress of nanotechnology and the advance in engineering materials, several studies have shown, in recent years, the development of technologies aimed at monitoring water quality, with the ability to reduce the costs of analysis and accelerate the achievement of results for management and decision-making. In this work, a review was carried out on several low-cost developed technologies and applied in situ for water quality monitoring. Thus, new alternative technologies for the main physical (color, temperature, and turbidity), chemical (chlorine, fluorine, phosphorus, metals, nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, pH, and oxidation–reduction potential), and biological (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, algae, and cyanobacteria) water quality parameters were described. It was observed that there has been an increase in the number of publications related to the topic in recent years, mainly since 2012, with 641 studies being published in 2021. The main new technologies developed are based on optical or electrochemical sensors, however, due to the recent development of these technologies, more robust analyses and evaluations in real conditions are essential to guarantee the precision and repeatability of the methods, especially when it is desirable to compare the values with government regulatory standards.

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Advances in Technological Research for Online and In Situ Water Quality Monitoring—A Review

This paper implement Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in agriculture, especially for hydroponics plants. In agriculture with hydroponic method, water becomes the main nutrient for plants. Water and surroundings are become the important factors for plant growth. WSN is used to remotely monitor the quality of water in hydroponic plants. Zigbee is one of wireless technology usually used in WSN since it is suitable for low data rate, low costs, and low power consumption, while a widely used wireless gateway is using WiFi based. This proposed design combines Zigbee and WiFi technology in WSN system. Zigbee based transceiver is used in the sensor nodes side and the WiFi based gateway is used in the coordinator side. The experiment is conducted to test the WSN performance in the presence of Zigbee and WiFi, includes testing the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Packet loss and error, and Throughput. The results show that the RSSI value and throughput in network with the interconnected Zigbee - WiFi are decreased about −10 dBm and 0.13 kbps respectively compared to the not-interconnected Zigbee - WiFi. The farther the distance between nodes the throughput is decreased.

Hybrid ZigBee and WiFi Wireless Sensor Networks for Hydroponic Monitoring

This paper discusses signal processing of FMCW radar. Signal processing was done to translate the signal from the time domain to distance estimation and optimization of defining the target using windowing. Blackmann, Hamming, Hanning, and Bartlet are the types of windowing used in this research. We offer the new method for windowing by separating the data in near and far distance. We suppress the signal from short distance and strengthen the signal in far distance. Signal processing was done by an algorithm to test the suitability of the furthest distance and to compare the result of signal processing using different types of window. The algorithm is used to combine complex data I and Q then apply windowing, and FFT the signal to take the range of target. Based on the algorithm, we present a comparison of signal processing using different windowing with regular windowing and new method to detect the farthest distance from the target detectable by radar, 70.896 km or 38 nautical miles (nmi).

Performance comparison of various windowing On FMCW radar signal processing

Developments in the technology sector are currently experiencing rapid progress, especially in data transmission technology. The increasing need for fast data traffic in the telecommunications sector requires technology that can send data quickly. Optical fiber has the speed of receiving and sending data at 2.5 Gbps while FSO has a speed of up to 100 Gbps but this depends on Wavelength, the modulation technique used and the distance of the telescope between the transmitter and receiver. The speed of receiving and sending data also depends on the Quality (Q) of the signal, the greater the value of Quality (Q) of the signal, the better the Quality of the signal. FSO is an optical communication system that uses the atmosphere as its propagation medium and Optical Fiber uses silica as its propagation medium. Therefore, in this paper, a performance analysis of Free Space Optics (FSO) and Single Mode Fiber is carried out based on the Quality Factor and Bit Error Rate (BER) of a signal that is carried out using Optical System simulations with a wavelength of 1310 nm, 1380 nm, 1550 nm, 1550 nm and 1560 nm, with 1 km, 3 km and 5 km, respectively. Then, analysis uses an Eye Diagram to analyze the output signal and compare the Factor Q and Bit Rate Error (BER).

/pdf/performance-analysis-of-q-factor-optical-communication-in-52du5cwy51.pdf

Performance Analysis of Q Factor Optical Communication in Free Space Optics and Single Mode Fiber

Klaten City which is famous for its tourist attractions invites foreign and local tourists to visit the place. However, 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) telecommunications services in the tourist city have not been maximally felt by the public and tourists who visit because based on data from Provider X, the number of sites installed is only concentrated in densely populated areas, while many tourist objects have not been installed. This study aims to improve the efficiency and coverage of LTE networks in the city of Klaten, Central Java using the ACP optimization function with the 1800 MHz Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) modulation technique. This network simulation uses Atoll software to perform several measurements including link budget calculation, final signal quality comparison on existing and new site data. The result of comparing existing sites when a site has been added is that the signal quality improves and the covered area becomes wider than the previous area. The results of the simulation data with the percentage of 642.8 km2 Klaten area covered by the Existing site, RSRP with 85.6% covered area and RSRQ with 55.3% covered area. New Site RSRP with 100% covered area and RSRQ with 100% covered area. Automatic Cell Planning RSRP with 93.9% covered area and RSRQ with 96.2% covered area.

Automatic Cell Planning of LTE FDD 1800 MHz Network in Klaten, Central Java

The development of telecommunications system in modern technology is increasing widely so that the process can take place more quickly and efficiently, one of which was the use of Software Defined Radio (SDR). SDR is a radio communication system where the components that have been typically implemented in hardware (mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, detectors, etc.) are instead implemented by means of software on computer or embedded system supported by GNU Radio Companion and USRP. This research is designing the video transmission using based on Software Defined Radio using GNU Radio and USRP. Some hardware function is replaced by the software in GRC block in GNU Radio. USRP B200 is used to translate the signal to the exact radio frequency. In testing the video transmission, the parameters of the FFT length of OFDM, 128, 256, and 512 and with different type of modulation was tested. The video transmission with the best result was performed using 512 FFT lengths.

Suci Rahmatia

Papers

Hybrid ZigBee and WiFi Wireless Sensor Networks for Hydroponic Monitoring

Performance comparison of various windowing On FMCW radar signal processing

Performance Analysis of Q Factor Optical Communication in Free Space Optics and Single Mode Fiber

Automatic Cell Planning of LTE FDD 1800 MHz Network in Klaten, Central Java

Implementation of SDR for video transmission using GNU radio and USRP B200