Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous ∼23 nt RNAs that play important gene-regulatory roles in animals and plants by pairing to the mRNAs of protein-coding genes to direct their posttranscriptional repression. This review outlines the current understanding of miRNA target recognition in animals and discusses the widespread impact of miRNAs on both the expression and evolution of protein-coding genes.

MicroRNAs: Target Recognition and Regulatory Functions

Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: including bottom sediments and sludges , Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: including bottom sediments and sludges , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: including bottom sediments and sludges

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1161963.pdf

NGOs, States and Donors Revisited: Still Too Close for Comfort?

Down syndrome is caused due to a trisomic imbalance of human chromosome 21 and has been associated with more than 80 clinical symptoms. The clinical symptoms include short stature, muscle hypotonia, atlantoaxial instability, reduced neuronal density, cerebellar hypoplasia, intellectual disability, and congenital heart defects [Epstein et al. 1991; Am J Hum Genet: 49 (1):207-35]. In addition to traits that are typically present in infancy/early childhood, individuals with DS are also more likely to develop certain health conditions, like hypothyroidism, autoimmune diseases, obstructive sleep apnoea, epilepsy, hearing and vision problems, haematological disorders (including leukaemia), recurrent infections, anxiety disorders, and early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Given the phenotypic variation associated with Down syndrome, studies on this condition could provide information to better understand the causes of many congenital phenotypes and their clinical management. Research advances have provided insights about the complexity of the genetic/epigenetic alterations underlying the clinical outcomes associated with Down syndrome. These changes reflect direct effects arising from triplosensitivity of genes on chromosome 21, as well as “cross talking” with disomic genes on other chromosomes, including those involved in epigenetic regulation. Allelic polymorphisms of genes contribute to further variability in the manifestation of phenotypic traits associated with Down syndrome. In addition to research on clinical subjects, animal models, as well as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and organoids, have offered opportunities to unravel the causes and consequences of a trisomy 21 gene dosage imbalance and provided clues for designing future therapeutic strategies to alleviate symptoms of health conditions acquired by people with Down syndrome. The models of mice, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans have offered opportunities to gain insights into genotype–phenotype correlations for Down syndrome. Recently developed iPSC lines for trisomic cells have helped unravel the transcriptomic and metabolomic states of single trisomic cells, using multi-omics approaches. The creation of new model systems and new isogenic trisomic/disomic iPSC lines hold further promise to open new avenues for designing therapeutic strategies. This Research Topic of Frontiers in Genetics highlights contemporary developments and challenges in the field of trisomy 21 research. In their OPEN ACCESS

/pdf/editorial-down-syndrome-genetic-and-epigenetic-influences-on-1q4lq85y.pdf

Editorial: Down syndrome: Genetic and epigenetic influences on this multi-faceted condition

Down syndrome caused by presence of extra chromosome 21 originates from nondisjunction during parental gametogenesis. For overwhelming cases, the error occurs in oocyte and all the nondisjunction events are not stochastic. With increasing number of research efforts, it has come to know that maternal genetic architecture may be considered as risk factors for chromosomal errors. Polymorphisms of the genes involved in chromosome segregation, recombination and folic acid metabolisms have been investigated for their association with Down syndrome child birth. But the results are conflicting owing to ethnic and sociocultural differences. Here, we have discussed and summarized the outcome of the studies conducted on different population sample from different parts of world and tried to figure out the common polymorphisms, which could be used as makers for preconceptional screening of Down syndrome child birth risk among the women.

/pdf/gene-polymorphisms-that-predispose-women-for-down-syndrome-1atcg7jbg2.pdf

Sujay Ghosh

Papers

Editorial: Down syndrome: Genetic and epigenetic influences on this multi-faceted condition

Gene Polymorphisms That Predispose Women for Down Syndrome Child Birth