The Psychological Continuum Model: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding an Individual's Psychological Connection to Sport

http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/21918/7/1-s2.0-S0261517715000679-main.pdf

Progress and prospects for event tourism research

Critical reflections on the economic impact assessment of a mega-event: the case of 2002 FIFA World Cup

Why travel to the FIFA World Cup? Effects of motives, background, interest, and constraints

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among gender, type of sport, motives, and points of attachment to a team for spectators of selected intercollegiate sports. The significant MANOVA results indicated that gender explained 2% of the variance in motives and 3% of the variance in points of attachment; type of sport explained 4% and 7% of the variance in motives and points of attachment, respectively. A canonical correlation analysis suggested three significant and meaningful variates, which together showed a shared variance between motives and points of attachment in excess of 70%. This suggests that collegiate marketers and managers might want to design their marketing communications to emphasize the relationships among motives and points of attachment rather than trying to segment their fan and spectator base by gender or by type of sport.

Relationships among Spectator Gender, Motives, Points of Attachment, and Sport Preference

A 30-item Sport Interest Inventory (SII) was developed and validated for measuring ten unique motives related to consumer interest at an international sporting event. Spectators (N=1,321) attending five different US venues during the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup were administered the SII. Analysis revealed that sport and team interest, excitement, supporting women's opportunity in sport, aesthetics and vicarious achievement explained 35 per cent of the variance in spectators' interest in the event. Results provide sport marketers with consumer-based marketing strategies, particularly for women's sport.

Development of the Sport Interest Inventory (SII): Implications for Measuring Unique Consumer Motives at Team Sporting Events

Segmenting J. League Spectators Based on Length of Time as a Fan

Spectator motives: Differentiating among objects of attraction in professional football.

The relationship between stadium size & location and spectator characteristics: implications for marketing strategies.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of female spectators at J.League (the Japanese Professional Soccer League) games and to develop some marketing strategies focused on female spectators. Data were collected by a self-administrated questionnaire during J. League games at five different stadiums between Aug. 29 and Sep. 29, 1998. Using proportionate sampling methods stratified by gender and age, researchers collected a total of 2, 016 responses. The survey response rate was 99.2 %. Based on some significant gender related differences in spectating behavior, spectators' backgrounds related to soccer and social-psychological variables, the current study suggested that marketing strategies focused on female spectators would be effective. Furthermore, the current study made several marketing recommendations based on these various gender related differences.

Sumiko Hirakawa

Papers

Development of the Sport Interest Inventory (SII): Implications for Measuring Unique Consumer Motives at Team Sporting Events

Segmenting J. League Spectators Based on Length of Time as a Fan

Spectator motives: Differentiating among objects of attraction in professional football.

The relationship between stadium size & location and spectator characteristics: implications for marketing strategies.

Female Spectators in J.League