Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model.

This article summarizes research examining the relationship between the constructs of ethnic identity and personal well-being among people of color in North America. Data from 184 studies analyzed with random effects models yielded an omnibus effect size of r = .17, suggesting a modest relationship between the 2 constructs. The relationship was somewhat stronger among adolescents and young adults than among adults over age 40. No differences were observed across participant race, gender, or socioeconomic status, which findings support the general relevance of ethnic identity across people of color. Studies correlating ethnic identity with self-esteem and positive well-being yielded average effect sizes twice as large as those from studies correlating ethnic identity with personal distress or mental health symptoms. Ethnic identity was thus more strongly related to positive well-being than to compromised well-being. Overall, the corpus of research reviewed consisted of correlational designs; limited scholarship has addressed causal mechanisms, mediating factors, or psychological functions of ethnic identity across different social contexts.

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Ethnic identity and personal well-being of people of color: A meta-analysis.

Background: In developing countries, most people with mental, neurological and substance-abuse (MNS) disorders do not receive adequate care mainly because of a lack of mental health professionals. Non-specialist health workers, but also other professionals with health roles, such as teachers, may therefore have an important role to play in delivering MNS health care. Researchers in The Cochrane Collaboration carried out a review of the effects of using non-specialist health workers or other professionals with health roles to help people with MNS disorders in developing countries. After searching for all relevant studies in scientific databases, they found 38 studies published before October 2012. Their findings are summarised below. What is a non-specialist health worker? Any type of health worker (like a doctor, nurse or lay health worker) who is not a specialist in mental health or neurology but who may have had some training in these fields. We also looked at teachers, as they can be particularly important in the care of children and youths. What the research says: The studies in this review were from 22 developing countries. In most studies, lay health workers delivered the mental health care, and addressed depression or anxiety (or both), or post-traumatic stress disorder. The review shows that the use of non-specialist health workers, compared with usual healthcare services: Â· may increase the number of adults who recover from depression or anxiety (or both) two to six months after treatment; Â· may slightly reduce symptoms formothers with depression; Â· may slightly reduce the symptoms of adults with post-traumatic stress disorder (non-specialists and teachers were used in one study); Â· probably slightly improves the symptoms of people with dementia; Â· probably improves/slightly improves the mental well-being, burden and distress of carers of people with dementia; Â· may decrease the quantity of alcohol consumed by problem drinkers. It is uncertain whether lay health workers or teachers reducepost-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among children. There were too few studies to draw any conclusions about the cost-effectiveness of using non-specialist health workers or teachers, or about their impact on people with other MNS conditions such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, and alcohol and drug abuse problems. In addition, very few studies measured unintended consequences of non-specialist health worker-led care - such effects could impact on the appropriateness and quality of care. Quality of the evidence: Overall, non-specialist health workers and teachers have some promising benefits in improving people's outcomes for general and perinatal depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol-use disorders, and patient and carer outcomes for dementia. However, this evidence is of low or very low quality in some areas, and for some issues no evidence is available. Therefore, we cannot make conclusions about which specific interventions using non-specialist health workers to help people with MNS disorders are more effective.

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Non-specialist health worker interventions for the care of mental, neurological and substance-abuse disorders in low- and middle-income countries.

This study tested an affect-specific explanation for the Asian and White American differences in depression and social anxiety. Construal of the self as independent or interdependent in relation to others (H. R. Markus & S. Kitayama, 1991) was hypothesized to be 1 possible way in which culture may be expressed in individuals' psychological functioning, which in turn was hypothesized to be linked specifically to social anxiety. College students (N = 348; 183 White Americans and 165 Asian Americans) completed self-report measures of depression, social anxiety, and self-construals. Asian Americans scored significantly higher than White Americans on measures of depression and social anxiety. When the covariance between depression and social anxiety was statistically controlled, ethnicity and self-construal variables were found, as predicted, to be associated with measures of social anxiety but not depression. These findings suggest a more differentiated perspective on the relations between culture, ethnicity, and emotional distress.

Sources of ethnic differences between Asian American and white American college students on measures of depression and social anxiety.

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Design And Analysis Of Ecological Experiments

Ethnic identity, role integration, quality of life, and depression in Korean-American women.

The effects of group intervention for battered women in Korea.

PROBLEM: Traditionally, adolescent mental health in Korea has not been a prime focus for educators, health workers, and politicians, yet a majority of sampled adolescents report interpersonal sensitivity (Kim, 2003).

METHOD: Thirty-five adolescent girls took part in a six-session school-based music group psychotherapy pilot intervention designed to promote relationships and improve self-control skills.

FINDING: Participants identified several outcome benefits that may serve as protective factors in their continued social and emotional development.

CONCLUSIONS: Music is a medium that promotes interpersonal relatedness among Korean adolescent girls. More research is necessary to identify long-term benefits of preventive music group psychotherapy interventions among the adolescent population.

Development of a music group psychotherapy intervention for the primary prevention of adjustment difficulties in Korean adolescent girls.

This integrative review assesses the effectiveness of psychological interventions for reducing the severity of Internet addiction and/or Internet gaming disorder. We searched five databases, and both a narrative synthesis and meta-analyses were conducted. Five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and six quasi-experimental studies met the inclusion criteria. The included interventions were categorized as cognitive-behavioral therapy, family-based intervention, and counseling program. A meta-analysis showed significant effects of psychological interventions, whereas a narrative synthesis showed some evidence that they could reduce addiction severity. Psychological interventions may help to reduce addiction severity, but further RCTs are needed to identify the most effective type.

The Current Status of Psychological Intervention Research for Internet Addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore level of moral distress, moral sensitivity, and ethical climate of nurses working in psychiatric wards and identify factors that influence moral distress. Also this study was done to describe the content of moral distress. Methods: Data were collected through self-report questionnaires and focus group interviews. A survey was conducted with 108 psychiatric nurses and 8 volunteers were interviewed. Instruments used in this study were the Moral Distress Scale for Psychiatric Nurses, Korean version of the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire, and Ethical Climate Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 20.0 program and content analysis. Results: The mean score for moral distress was 3.74 and for moral sensitivity, 4.67. The significant factors influencing moral distress were clinical career in psychiatric wards, moral sensitivity, personal profit and friendship. As a result of content analysis, 3 domain of moral distress were found: moral distress situations, responses in moral distress situations, factors to overcome moral distress and resources that enable ethical nursing. Conclusion: The results suggest that in the development of interventions to decrease moral distress for nurses working in psychiatric wards, factors identified as influencing moral distress and content of moral distress should be considered.

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Sunah Kim

Papers

Ethnic identity, role integration, quality of life, and depression in Korean-American women.

The effects of group intervention for battered women in Korea.

Development of a music group psychotherapy intervention for the primary prevention of adjustment difficulties in Korean adolescent girls.

The Current Status of Psychological Intervention Research for Internet Addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder

Moral Distress, Moral Sensitivity and Ethical Climate of Nurses Working in Psychiatric Wards