Properties of both amorphous and crystalline salts of tetravalent metals are reviewed, with special emphasis on the much studied salt of zirconium phosphate. The discussion includes: (1) method of preparation, (2) interlayered crystal structure, (3) effect of counter ions on interlayer distance and steric hindrance, (4) mechanism of ion exchange, and (5) the interaction of polar molecules. Other insoluble acid salts with a layered structure include the phosphates of titanium, hafnium, germanium, tin, lead, and the arsenates of titanium, zirconium, and tin. Fibrous precipitates of the insoluble acid salts of cesium and thorium phosphate are mentioned briefly. Under appropriate experimental conditions, insoluble acid of unknown structure can be obtained. Investigations of their crystalline structure may be highly desirable. The ion exchange capacities of many of these substances are evaluated. 80 references, 3 tables, 4 figures.

Syntheses, crystalline structure, and ion-exchange properties of insoluble acid salts of tetravalent metals and their salt forms

Sodium zirconium phosphate (NZP) as a host structure for nuclear waste immobilization : a review

Orientational disorder, glass/crystal transition and superionic conductivity in nasicon

On the mechanism of ion exchange in zirconium phosphates—XXI Intercalation of amines by α-zirconium phosphate

Crystalline α-zirconium phosphate, Zr(HPO4)2·H2O, was obtained by direct precipitation of soluble salts of zirconium(IV) with phosphoric acid. The fresh compound transforms, by hydrolysis, into amo...

On the Synthesis of α-Zirconium Phosphate

Factors determining ion exchange selectivity—I high temperature phases formed by α-zirconium phosphate and its sodium and potassium exchanged forms☆

On the mechanism of ion exchange in zirconium phosphates—XVII: Dehydration behavior of lithium ion exchanged phases☆

On the mechanism of ion exchange in zirconium phosphates—XXVII: Dehydration behavior of Cu(II) ion exchanged phases☆

La grandeur de l'effet electrostatique dans l'echange d'ions est determine par mesure de l'energie libre de la reaction: Zr(MPO 4 ) 2 (s)+xHCl(g)⇄ZrM 2−x H x (PO 4 ) 2 (s)+xMCl(s), ou M=Li + , Na + et K + . Les energies libres ainsi determinees sont extrapolees a 25°C et converties en energies libres des reactions Zr(MPO 4 ) 2 (s)+H + (g)⇄ZrMH(PO 4 ) 2 +M + (g) et ZrMH (PO 4 ) 2 (s)+H + (g)⇄Zr(HPO 4 ) 2 +M + (g) a l'aide d'un cycle thermodynamique. La selectivite varie dans l'ordre H + >Li + >Na + >K +

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Factors determining ion exchange selectivity—I high temperature phases formed by α-zirconium phosphate and its sodium and potassium exchanged forms☆

On the mechanism of ion exchange in zirconium phosphates—XVII: Dehydration behavior of lithium ion exchanged phases☆

On the mechanism of ion exchange in zirconium phosphates—XXVII: Dehydration behavior of Cu(II) ion exchanged phases☆

Factors determining ion-exchange selectivity. II: The electrostatic effect as determined from gas-solid reactions