Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents—A critical review

Arsenic in the environment: Biology and Chemistry

pReVIously ClAssIfIed by IARC As “CARCInogenIC to humAns (gRoup 1)” And wAs deVeloped by sIx sepARAte woRkIng gRoups: phARmACeutICAls; bIologICAl Agents; ARsenIC, metAls, fIbRes, And dusts; RAdIAtIon; peRsonAl hAbIts And IndooR CombustIons; ChemICAl Agents And RelAted oCCupAtIons. thIs Volume 100f CoVeRs ChemICAl Agents And RelAted oCCupAtIons, speCIfICAlly 4-AmInobIphenyl, benzIdIne, dyes metAbolIzed to benzIdIne, 4,4’-methylenebIs(2-ChloRoAnIlIne), 2-nAphthylAmIne, oRtho-toluIdIne, AuRAmIne And AuRAmIne pRoduCtIon, mAgentA And mAgentA pRoduCtIon, benzo[A]pyRene, CoAl gAsIfICAtIon, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes duRIng CoAl-tAR dIstIllAtIon, CoAl-tAR pItCh, Coke pRoduCtIon, untReAted oR mIldly tReAted mIneRAl oIls, shAle oIls, soot, As found In oCCupAtIonAl exposuRe of ChImney-sweeps, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes duRIng AlumInIum pRoduCtIon, AflAtoxIns, benzene, bIs(ChloRomethyl)etheR And ChloRomethyl methyl etheR, 1,3-butAdIene, 2,3,7,8-tetRAChloRodIbenzo-pARA-dIoxIn, 2,3,4,7,8-pentAChloRodIbenzofuRAn, And 3,3’,4,4’,5-pentAChloRobIphenyl, ethylene oxIde, foRmAldehyde, sulfuR mustARd, VInyl ChloRIde, IsopRopyl AlCohol mAnufACtuRe by the stRong-ACId pRoCess, mIsts fRom stRong InoRgAnIC ACIds, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes duRIng IRon And steel foundIng, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRe As A pAInteR, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes In the RubbeR mAnufACtuRIng IndustRy. beCAuse the sCope of Volume 100 Is so bRoAd, Its monogRAphs ARe foCused on key InfoRmAtIon. eACh monogRAph pResents A desCRIptIon of A CARCInogenIC Agent And how people ARe exposed, CRItICAl oVeRVIews of the epIdemIologICAl studIes And AnImAl CAnCeR bIoAssAys, And A ConCIse ReVIew of the Agent’s toxICokInetICs, plAusIble meChAnIsms of CARCInogenesIs, And potentIAlly susCeptIble populAtIons, And lIfe-stAges. detAIls of the desIgn And Results of IndIVIduAl epIdemIologICAl studIes And AnImAl CAnCeR bIoAssAys ARe summARIzed In tAbles. shoRt tAbles thAt hIghlIght key Results ARe pRInted In Volume 100, And moRe extensIVe tAbles thAt InClude All studIes AppeAR on the monogRAphs pRogRAmme websIte (http://monogRAphs.IARC.fR). It Is hoped thAt thIs Volume, by CompIlIng the knowledge ACCumulAted thRough seVeRAl deCAdes of CAnCeR ReseARCh, wIll stImulAte CAnCeR pReVentIon ACtIVItIes woRldwIde, And wIll be A VAlued ResouRCe foR futuRe ReseARCh to IdentIfy otheR Agents suspeCted of CAusIng CAnCeR In humAns. D es ig n by A ude la d es m ot s

iArc monogrAphs on the evAluAtion oF cArcinogenic risks to humAns

Electrochemical removal of fluoride ions from industrial wastewater

Oxidation of arsenite in groundwater using ozone and oxygen.

Water treatment with metal coagulants like alum and ferric chloride has long been recognised as an effective method for removal of arsenic. NEERI conducted coagulation ‐ flocculation studies on arsenic removal on water samples collected from six sources in West Bengal which are affected by arsenic. The physico‐chemical characteristics of these water samples were investigated. Extensive treatability studies have shown that a dose of 3.0 mg/L of chlorine (for pre‐chlorination) followed by 50 mg/L of ferric chloride was able to remove arsenic from the raw waters. Results of arsenic removal are discussed.

Arsenic removal studies in some ground waters of West Bengal, India

High concentrations of arsenic in ground waters in West Bengal and Bangladesh have become a major cause for concern in recent years. Given the enormity and the severity of the problem of arsenic poisoning, a task of evaluating the commercially available arsenic detection field kits for their capabilities was undertaken. In the light of the findings, generic specifications were recommended which could form the basis for indigenous manufacture of these kits in the arsenic affected countries. This article presents the results of the laboratory and field evaluation conducted in Bangladesh and West Bengal of five arsenic testing field kits. The salient features of the kits, their merits and limitations have been brought out. Based on the criteria of kit design, quality of chemicals used, colour comparator charts, detection range, time required for analysis, cost etc., a comparative ranking of the kits has been made to facilitate the choice of the kit to meet specific requirements.

Laboratory and field assessment of arsenic testing field kits in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India.

One of the serious problem faced by the mining industry is the disposal of acid mine drainage in view of it's harmful effects on receiving water bodies. Studies were conducted at Churcha underground mines of Colleries of South Eastern Coal Fields (Coal India Ltd) on the acidic mine waters with a view to evolve effective treatment system. The results of treatability studies alongwith viable treatment options are discussed in the paper.

Acid mine drainage treatment

Trihalomethanes (THMs) the by-products of chlorination in water treatment are recognised as a threat to public health due to their carcinogenicity. The photodegradation of THMs using hydrogen peroxide has been found to give increased removal efficiency and the outcome of the study may find, its application in designing a unit process for water treatment. Batch experiments were carried out using UV lamp of 83 W and 40% w/w Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in test waters between 2.5–10 pH range of chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform at 50–200 μg L−1 initial concentration. 92–100% removal of chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform were found with 0.1% of H2O2 and 90 min of UV exposure.

Hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet irradiations in water treatment.

Recognizing the enormity and severity of the problem of arsenic poisoning in ground water, the capabilities of commercially available arsenic detection field kits were critically evaluated. In the light of findings of the evaluation of these kits, their merits and limitations; a simple, efficient, prudent, userfriendly, indigenous field kit has been developed. The kit can be used for rapid on-site screening of arsenic contaminated water sources and is capable of detecting arsenic concentration as low as 0.01 mg L(-1), the guideline value for arsenic set by the WHO. The kit has been subjected to extensive laboratory and field testing. The details of development of the kit and its salient features are presented in the paper.

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Sunil P. Pande

Papers

Arsenic removal studies in some ground waters of West Bengal, India

Laboratory and field assessment of arsenic testing field kits in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India.

Acid mine drainage treatment

Hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet irradiations in water treatment.

Development of arsenic testing field kit--a tool for rapid on-site screening of arsenic contaminated water sources.