Showing papers in "Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-toxic\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering in 1997"

Biofiltration: A promising and cost‐effective control technology for Odors, VOCs and air toxics

Abstract: Biofiltration, a relatively recent air pollution control technology, has been identified as a promising method of odor, VOC and air toxic removal form waste‐gas streams because of low capital and operating costs, low energy requirements and an absence of residual products requiring further treatment or disposal. Biofiltration units are microbial systems incorporating microorganisms grown on a porous solid media like compost, peat, soil or mixture of these materials. The filter media and the microbial culture are surrounded by a thin film of water called biofilm. Waste‐gases containing biodegradable VOCs and inorganic air toxics are vented through this biologically active material, where soluble contaminants partition into the liquid film and are biodegraded by the resident microorganisms in the biofilm. The technology has been successfully applied to a wide range of industrial and public sector sources for the abatement of odors, VOCs and air toxics, with an elimination efficiency of more than 90...

Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by modified barks

Abstract: Bark, a common waste product in forestry, can be used to selectively remove cations, especially toxic heavy metals from mono or multi saline solutions. Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Larix, Tectona and Afzelia barks have been used in glass columns, after grinding and treatment with formaldehyde in acid media, to study their ability in binding toxic heavy metal ions such as Pb2+, Zn2+, Cr2+, Fe2+ and Cu2+. The metals are exchanged against protons on the bark substrates that presumably contain carboxyl groups in both pectin and tannin compounds. Removal of these ions depends upon the nature of the bark used, the grain size and the predominant heavy metal ions present in the solutions. The metal ions could be stripped by addition of 0.1 ? HCl, making the substrate regeneration and its reutilization possible.

Electrocoagulation for oil‐water emulsion treatment

Abstract: An attempt has been made to remove oil from synthetic and actual oily wastes by an electrochemical method using either iron or aluminum reactors. The effects of applied potential i.e direct current, reactor material and polarization, and amount of ferric sulfate using as supporting electrolyte and coagulant, on percent removal and energy consumption have been examined for different initial oil concentrations. The removal efficiency has been found to be as high as 100°o for all experiments depending on the duration of treatment for different applied potentials and ferric sulfate concentrations. The polarity of the electrodes played an important role in the treatment of oily wastewater. Actual wastewater samples from two different industrial plants have also been treated in the same reactor and fully removal of oil has been achieved.

Chemical forms of heavy metals in surface sediments of the san Simón inlet, Ría de vigo, galicia

Abstract: The surface sediments of the San Simon inlet of the Ria de Vigo in Galitia, north‐west Spain contain heavy metal concentrations largely within the range to be expected if these metals were derived from detrital inputs from soils and weathered granitic rocks. Thus, Cu ranged from 24–48 μg g−1 Cr from 37–69 μg g−1, Cr from 0.1–0.5 μg g−1, Ni from 12–29 μg g−1 and Zn from 71–151 μg g−1 of sediment. For Pb, however, the range was 84–394 μg g−1 of sediment which is well above the level which would be expected as background, indicating the likelihood of anthropogenic inputs. Sequential fractionation indicates that relatively high proportions (∼40%) of this Pb are associated with the oxide and carbonate fractions and may, therefore, be potentially mobile. In contrast, Cr and Ni are found largely in the residual fractions (∼72 and 65%), whereas Cu is mainly associated with the organic/sulphide fraction (∼58%). The distribution of Zn is somewhat similar to that of Pb. There is little evidence that diagene...

Chemically bonded phosphate ceramics for low-level mixed waste stabilization

Abstract: Novel chemically bonded phosphate ceramics are being developed and fabricated for low‐temperature stabilization and solidification of mixed‐waste streams that are not amenable to conventional high‐temperature stabilization processes because volatiles, such as heavy‐metal chlorides and fluorides, and/or pyrophorics are present in the wastes. Phosphates of Mg, Mg‐Na, and Zr are being developed as candidate matrix materials. In this paper, we present the fabrication procedures for phosphate waste forms with surrogate compositions of three typical mixed‐waste streams, namely ash, cement sludges, and salts. This study was focused, but not limited to, magnesium phosphate‐ash wastestream final waste form. The performance of the final waste forms, such as compression strength, leachability of the contaminants, and durability in aqueous environments were conducted. In addition, parametric studies have been conducted to establish the optimal ash waste loading in the magnesium phosphate binder system. Based...

Environmental stress in Lake Maryût and physiological response of Tilapia zilli Gerv.

Abstract: This study was initiated to evaluate the effect of hazardous exposure to water pollutants on Tilapia zilli Gerv, inhabiting Lake Maryut, at 3 different sites with varying degrees of physicochemical and organic criteria. As compared to other sites, the lower water turbidity and alkalinity plus lesser metal content in site #1, signify its picking as reference.The expected anoxicity of the polluted sites (#2& #3) was evidenced by the elevated chemical‐and biological‐oxygen demands added to reduced dissolved oxygen. Abundant phytoplankton and sewage effluents coupled with the high productivity of the lake have elevated water pH and nutrient salts; thus causing a chronic eutrophication problem. Emerging evidence suggests that T. zilli, responded differently according to the environmental stress index in each catch area. In polluted fish, serum hyper‐αl‐, α2‐, and β‐globulinemia plus low albumin added to the enhanced activities of serum transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase suggests chronic functiona...

Electrochemical treatment of phenolic wastewater: Efficiency, design considerations and economic evaluation

Abstract: Anodic oxidation of phenol at a graphite electrode has shown good treatment efficiency. The removal efficiency was a function of the current applied, with around 70% phenol removal efficiency at a current of 2.2 A. After about 5 months of operation, there was no sign of deterioration of the graphite bed. An empirical relationship was developed relating phenol removal efficiency to the current. The relationship showed excellent prediction of the experimental data. Furthermore, a methodology for calculating the cell capacity was developed. The relation between the cell capacity and phenol residual concentration was modelled using a non linear model. Preliminary design procedure for the electrochemical cell was illustrated and the designs results for nine different wastewater conditions were tabulated. Economic evaluation of the process under different scenarios was presented and compared with other processes.

Studies on arsenic rich mine dumps. II. The heavy element uptake by vegetation

Abstract: The effects of abandoned mine dumps on the vegetation is in the Eastern region of Zimbabwe was assessed. The bioaccumulation of As, Cu, Ni, Mn, Zn and Fe in Cynodon dactylon (Couch grass), Pinicum sativum (thatch grass) and Amaranthus hybridus (Amaranths or Mhowa) were investigated over a period of nine months. While Couch grass was analysed at three sites namely, mine dumps (MD), adjacent to mine dumps (AMD) and at a site about 400 m away from mine dumps near the river (NR). The other two species were found at AMD and NR only. High concentration of accumulated As was detected in the roots of Couch grass. Amaranths had high levels of As in the leaves. Elemental uptake varied with the plant species and depended on the concentrations of respective exchangeable cations. In all the species, the rate of uptake was rapid at the early stages of the plant growth.

A new approach for long term planning of solid waste management systems using fuzzy global criterion

Abstract: Recent studies regarding solid waste management system planning frequently emphasize that both socioeconomic and environmental impacts have to be considered simultaneously. While the total elimination of environmental risks is impossible, the analytical concern actually rests upon the concept of the minimization of both environmental risks and costs in an efficient management system. But uncertainty plays an important role in decision making. The related impreciseness/fuzziness of environmental risks were rarely taken into account in previous models. This paper illustrates a new approach, using fuzzy global criterion technique, to show how the concept of fuzzy environmental resources can be incorporated into an optimization process and create a set of more flexible optimal planning alternatives. A fuzzy multiobjective mixed integer programming model for long term planning of metropolitan solid waste management systems is applied as a method for generating such alternatives. The practical implemen...

Biogeochemical transformations of Fe and Mn in oxic groundwater and well water environments

Abstract: This review presents an overview of the oxidation and precipitation of dissolved Fe(II) and Mn(II) in groundwater when exposed to surface conditions. In water wells, these transformations may eventually result in biofouling problems and deterioration of water quality. Fe(II)‐oxidation products include poorly‐ordered Fe(III)‐oxides such as ferrihydrite which may be converted via solution to Fe(III)‐oxyhydroxides (e.g., goethite) with time. Among Mn‐oxides, a typical oxidation product is birnessite which is structurally analogous to poorly‐ordered ferrihydrite. Bacteria implicated in Fe‐ or Mn‐oxidation in neutral‐pH environments include Gallionella, Sphaerotilus, Leptothrix, Metallogenium, Pedomicrobium spp., and magnetotactic bacteria. Very little information is available on the genera Crenothrix, Clonothrix, Toxothrix, and Siderocapsa. This review focuses on the stalked and sheathed bacteria Gallionella, Leptothrix, and Sphaerotilus.

Activated sludge treatment of dispersed dye factory wastewater

Abstract: To provide design data applying to the treatment of wastewater from dispersed dye factories, an experimental study was undertaken using bench‐scale completely mixed activated sludge reactors fed with dispersed dye factory effluent as a substrate. Kinetic coefficients were determined at different hydraulic retention times and compared with published data for other substrates. The results showed that when biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was utilized as a measure of substrate concentration, the values obtained for the substrate removal rate coefficient k =0.00063 L/mg BOD‐hr, sludge yield coefficient Y=0.26 kg MLVSS yield/kg BOD removed, and sludge endogenous decay coefficient K d =0.003 I/day.

Lead corrosion control from lead, copper‐lead solder, and brass coupons in drinking water employing free and combined chlorine

Abstract: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) in 1991, establishing 0.015 mg/L as the lead action level in drinking water. Public water suppliers must optimize water characteristics to meet this requirement at the consumer's tap. In this study, bench‐scale experiments were completed to evaluate the effects of employing either free and combined chlorine on two alternative corrosion control strategies: pH adjustment and inhibitor addition, using treated water from two different water supplies. In addition, the effect of fluoride on lead corrosion was investigated. Lead, copper/lead‐solder, and brass coupon tests were employed. For lead and copper/lead solder, free chlorine produced higher lead levels than combined chlorine at different pH. However, for brass coupons at different pH as well as copper/lead solder and brass using several commercial corrosion inhibitors, combined chlorine released more lead than free chlorine. In all cases, higher water pH wa...

Adsorption of cobalt by activated carbon from the rice hulls

Abstract: The removal of cobalt (II) ion from aqueous solutions, by adsorption on activated carbon prepared from the rice hulls (ACRH), has been investigated depending on pH, activated carbon dosage, contact time, initial metal concentration and solution temperature. The optimum values of pH, ACRH dosage and contact time have been determined as 6–7, 1.5 g ACRH/50 mL solution and 40 minutes respectively. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm constants have been calculated at two different temperatures of 293 K and 313 K. Furthermore the other thermodynamic data for ΔG° and ΔS°, have been also calculated at two temperatures of 293 K and 313 K. The adsorption of Co (II) ion from aqueous solutions has been found to be exothermic (ΔH°= ‐1.543 KJ/mol).

Survival and transport of selected bacterial pathogens and indicator viruses under sandy aquifer conditions

Abstract: Microbial contamination of groundwater is a serious threat to public health along the US‐Mexico border. The survival and transport of two pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium and Klebsiella sp.) and two indicator viruses (bacteriophages PRD‐1 and MS‐2), were studied using microcosms to determine the behavior of pathogenic microorganisms in the Rio Grande alluvium, which underlies the border between the United States and Mexico. Culturable populations of Salmonella typhimurium declined rapidly (>5 log units) to below detection limits within 12 days, while as much as 103 CFU/mL of Klebsiella sp. was viable even after 30 days. Less than 1% of the surviving Salmonella sp. population was viable based on microscopic viability assays. The population of both MS‐2 and PRD‐1 also declined rapidly (>6 log units) to below detection limits within 10 days. Salmonella sp. exhibited a relatively greater “straining”; or adsorbtion than the Klebsiella sp. under saturated conditions in a 0.2 m column. Even a...

Treatment of piggery wastewater by contact aeration treatment in coordination with the anaerobic fermentation of three‐step piggery wastewater treatment (TPWT) process in Taiwan

Abstract: The contact aeration treatment process is an improved activated sludge system in which sludge is not returned to the activated sludge basin. It was used to compensate the disadvantage of the activated sludge system in the three‐step piggery wastewater treatment (TPWT) process. A wave‐shaped vinyl plastic was used as biofilm support substratum for this study. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) for anaerobic fermentation step of TPWT was varied to verify the effects of contact aeration treatment process. The results showed that removal rates of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and suspended solid (SS) by contact aeration treatment process in coordination with the anaerobic fermentation of TPWT process were all over 90%. Especially, both BOD and SS of effluents met the Effluent Standard for Livestock of 1998 of the R O. C. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). For COD removal, only two experimental sets, anaerobic HRT= 4 and 7.5 days, of COD met the effluent requiremen...

Removal characteristics of H2S by Thiobacillus novellus CH 3 biofilter in autotrophic and mixotrophic environments

Abstract: Thiobacillus novellus, like other facultative chemoautotrophs, possesses the unique ability to grow autotrophically as well as heterotrophically. Since in nature the bacteria are likely to encounter different environments, i.e., autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic conditions, it is of considerable interest to determine the removal characteristics of H2S in different environments. Thiobacillus novellus CH 3 was isolated from piggery wastewater and used to remove H2S gas from air in this study. The results indicated that the Thiobacillus novellus biofilter under mixotrophic conditions possessed broad adaptability of pH (5 ‐ 10) compared to the one under autotrophic conditions. In a batch experiment high H2S concentration (>140 ppm) inhibited the enzymatic activity, thus the H2S removal was limited by the reaction rate rather than the diffusion rate at diluted H2S concentration. During the environmental shock experiment, 99.5% of the H2S content from the inlet was eliminated in a mixotrophic ...

An introduction to the use of hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation: An advanced oxidation process

Abstract: Hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet light are combined in a synergistic effect to degrade organic chemicals in aqueous solutions. The generation of hydroxyl radicals is fundamental to the process as the hydroxyl radicals are largely responsible for the success of this process. Other factors affecting the effectiveness of the process are concentration of hydrogen peroxide, water quality, UV dose and spectra, scavengers, and temperature. Several models that have been used for this process are described.

Characterization of high molecular weightorganic compounds in landfill leachate:humic substances

Abstract: We present here some results obtained on the high molecular weight organic fractions dissolved in landfill leachates. These fractions are similar to humic and fulvic acids obtained from soil and marine matrices for some characteristics such as colour, molecular weight range, solubility and for structural features. The characterization of humic substances has been carried out with spectroscopic techniques and thermogravimetric analysis. They have shown the presence of a great amount of functional groups, in particular oxygenated and nitrogenous groups. Elemental analysis has been performed also.

Composting of fish wastes in a full‐scale in‐vessel system using different amendments

Abstract: This study examined the effects of two bulking agents (alder and fir), and two amendments (peat moss and vermiculite) on the in‐vessel composting process. The rise in temperature which occurred as composting progressed was accompanied by an increase in ammonia and volatile fatty acid production in the composting bay. This overall pattern was observed in all mixes. All of the compost mixes satisfied the temperature requirements for the destruction of pathogens. In all cases, the concentrations of ammonia and volatile fatty acids increased rapidly and then declined gradually over the monitoring period. The changes in their concentrations over time proved to be a reliable indicator of the progress of an “active”; stage of composting. The disappearance of volatile fatty acids and phenol proved to be a useful indicator of the maturity of fish compost. The fir was a very good bulking agent; its compost became stable earlier than the others. It was shown that nitrogen could be conserved in a compost by ...

Arsenic removal studies in some ground waters of West Bengal, India

Abstract: Water treatment with metal coagulants like alum and ferric chloride has long been recognised as an effective method for removal of arsenic. NEERI conducted coagulation ‐ flocculation studies on arsenic removal on water samples collected from six sources in West Bengal which are affected by arsenic. The physico‐chemical characteristics of these water samples were investigated. Extensive treatability studies have shown that a dose of 3.0 mg/L of chlorine (for pre‐chlorination) followed by 50 mg/L of ferric chloride was able to remove arsenic from the raw waters. Results of arsenic removal are discussed.

Monitoring and modeling the mass, heavy metal and ion species dry deposition in central Taiwan

Abstract: Dry deposition flux and particle concentration of mass, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl− and SO4 2‐were measured by dry deposition plates and NRI (Noll Rotary Impactor), MOUDI (Micro‐Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor), respectively in the ambient air of Chung‐Hsing University and Tung‐Hai University in central Taiwan from November 1995 to January 1996. AAA‐680/G flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to measure the metals Ca2+ and Mg2+ and a I. C. (DIONEX DX‐100 Ion Chromatography) was used to measure the ions Cl− and SO4 2‐ species. The CHU sampling site was divided into two parts to discuss the influence of coarse particle on the concentration and deposition velocities. The average mass concentration (without NRI sampler) for thefine and coarse particles were 21.6, 23.8 and 19.8, 21.6 μg/m3 in CHU and THU sampling site, respectively. By the same token, the average mass concentration (with NRI sampler) for the fine and coarse particles were 26.4 and 30.9 μg/m3 in CHU sampling site, separately. The res...

Evaluation of lead and copper corrosion control techniques

Abstract: The University of South Carolina has been involved in numerous studies to evaluate lead and copper corrosion control strategies for low hardness, low alkalinity waters found in South Carolina. This article discusses the results of three batch studies where the effects of pH and alkalinity adjustment, phosphate inhibitor addition, and silicate inhibitor addition on lead and copper corrosion mitigation were investigated. These studies indicate that all of these strategies reduce lead corrosion. Phosphate inhibitor addition, and pH and alkalinity adjustment were more effective than silicate inhibitor addition for the water quality investigated.

The effect of organic characteristics and bromide on disinfection by-products formation by chlorination

Abstract: In this study, organic fractions, namely, humic acid, fulvic acid, hydrophobic ‐base, ‐neutral, hydrophilic ‐acid, ‐base, and ‐neutral were extracted from source water. First, the characteristics of the organic fractions, such as carboxylic acidity, phenolic acidity, ultraviolet absorbance, and aromatic content were analyzed. Then each fraction was chlorinated separately, and the THMFP, HAAFP, and AOXFP of the chlorinated water measured. Further, the effect of bromide on halogenated organic formation were also studied. The results indicate that the characteristics of the aquatic organic matter, including carboxylic/phenolic acidity, aromatic/aliphatic content, ultraviolet absorbance, appear to affect the formation of halogenated organics. Hydrophobic organics, having higher phenolic acidity, aromatic content, and ultraviolet absorbance, have higher chlorine consumption and produce higher concentrations of halogenated organics than hydrophilic organics. As far as bromide effect is concerned, the T...

Histological changes in the uterus of rabbits after an administration of cadmium

Abstract: The effects of cadmium on the uterus of rabbits were studied by light microscopy with morphometry. The experiment involved 32 animals. Cadmium was applied intraperitoneally (i.p.) to group A (1.5 mg/kg body weight), perorally (p.o.) to group B (1.0 mg/kg b.w.) for a 5‐month period, and also p.o. (1.0 mg/kg b.w.) for a 5‐month period of application followed by a 7‐month cessation of application for group C. All experimental groups were compared to a control group (K), as well as to other experimental groups. Animals were examined after the experimental period. In the uterus, the amount of endometrium was in the range of 48.42% to 50.37%, and that of myometrium of 51.58% to 49.63%. The percentage of glandular epithelium in the endometrium was significantly lower in group A in comparison with group C (P<0.05). Amount of stroma was significantly higher in the group receiving i.p., in comparison with the group receiving p.o. administration for a 5‐month period (P<0.01). From the photographed pictures ...

Electrodialysis for the removal of copper ions from wastewater

Abstract: In this work,the feasibility of the removal of Cu2+ ions in a model solution and a sample of rinse water have been studied using a recirculating electrodialysis system.Full removal of Cu2+ has been achieved from its dilute solutions and the sample of rinsewater provided from a local plating plant depending on duration of electrodialysis,applied voltage and flow rate while recovering of copper by forming concentrated copper solution in the cathode compartment.Thus,another aspect of this process is to be able to concentrate rinsewater up to the bath strength.

Blood lipoperoxidation and antioxidant enzymes inhealthy individuals: Relation to age, sex, habits, lifestyle and environment

Abstract: We report the concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and malonaldialdehyde (MDA) an end product of lipoperoxidation in human whole blood. Method for measuring was the based on spectrophotometer. Blood MDA level was higher in elderly than in children, adults. Smoking, alcohol takiing, acute exercise and air pollution group's MDA levels were increased than their control groups. GSH‐Px activity was significantly lower in acute exercise group, and higher in trained group than those of controls. SOD was decreased in elderly, smoking and acute exercise groups and increase in trained individuals. As a result the mean values we obtained were slightly significant in age groups. The life style, environment has polluted air and habits arethought to be responsible for these significance also.

Heavy metals in medicinal and fodder plants of the negev desert

Abstract: The concentrations of heavy metals (zinc, copper, iron, manganese, cadmium, lead and nickel) were measured in 51 desert plants, of which 42 are considered medicinal, three fodder and six common plant species. Accumulation of certain heavy metals in some plant species was 2 ‐ 260‐fold higher than the available heavy metal content of the soil of the Negev desert. The highest levels of heavy metal (mg kg−1 dry weight) were: Fe: 3020 in Gundelia tournefortii and 2485 in Anchusa strigosa; Cu: 27 and 21 in Nicotiana glauca and Anchusa strigosa, respectively; Zn: 113 and 85 in Populous euphratica and Achillea fragrantissima, respectively; Mn: 109 and 99 in Phagnolon rupestre and Anchusa strigosa, respectively; Cd: 22 in Achillea fragrantissima; Pb: 33 in Asparagus aphyllus, 25 in Echinops polyceras, and 23 in Seriphidium sieberi; Ni: 19 and 16 in Paronychia argentea and Anchusa strigosa, respectively. The accumulation of heavy metals in some desert plants may open a new perspective for application of th...

Antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from rural and urban environments

Abstract: Sludge and waste water samples from a variety of locations (in the United States and from one location in Mexico) were evaluated to determine whether multiple antibiotic resistant resistance patterns correlated with location and type of waste. The occurrence of antibiotic resistant strains of Escherichia coli was dependent upon site among the eleven locations sampled (P < 0.001). The E. coli strains from digested municipal sewage sludge from El Paso, Texas and those from an El Paso army hospital were resistant to the widest range of antibiotics and were resistant to a greater number of antibiotics than any other site (P < 0.01). When isolates from undigested waste water samples were analyzed, there was no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) between those obtained from two neighboring cities located on either side of the US‐Mexico border. There was no significant difference in the number of antibiotics to which isolates were resistant when comparing digested sewage sludge samples from rural and urba...

Optimal siting of transfer station locations in a metropolitan solid waste management system

Abstract: System analysis for solid waste management currently receives wide attention from both economic and environmental planners because of their complexity during the coordination of various management strategies. This paper deals with the development and application of an operational solid waste management model through a hierarchical approach, in which the siting problem of transfer stations in a large scale metropolitan region is decomposed into two different levels. This analytical approach encompasses a preliminary screening procedure using the Geographical Information System (GIS) and an optimization analysis by a mixed integer programming model. Four criteria are employed in the screening of initial candidate sites and the optimization of a solid waste collection, recycling, treatment, and disposal system is used to direct waste generation to existing or proposed transfer stations, treatment plants and disposal facilities at minimum cost. A case study in Taiwan shows that the optimal siting str...

Utilization of sequencing batch reactor for in situ piggery wastewater treatment

Abstract: The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used for in situ studies of piggery wastewater treatment. The SBR was a concrete basin 5 mL × 2.5 mW × 4 mH. The study was performed on a selected pig farm in Taiwan. The working volume was 37.5 m3 and hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 3 days with the BOD volumetric loading of 0.357 kg‐BOD/m3/day. The removal rates of BOD, COD, and SS were 94.5, 88.7, and 93.4%, respectively. However, the removal rates of nitrogen (NH4 +‐N, NO3 −‐N, and TKN) and phosphorus were 36.3–52.9 and 61.1%, respectively. The results imply the feasibility of extending SBR system to pig fanners for piggery wastewater treatment in Taiwan.