Clinicopathologic correlates of solitary fibrous tumors.

Primary vascular neoplasms of the spleen constitute the majority of nonhematolymphoid splenic tumors. The benign primary vascular tumors include hemangioma, hamartoma, and lymphangioma, whereas those of variable or uncertain biologic behavior include littoral cell angioma, hemangioendothelioma, and hemangiopericytoma. The primary malignant vascular neoplasm of the spleen is angiosarcoma. Peliosis is a rare lesion of unknown cause that is usually found incidentally in asymptomatic patients but may be associated with hematologic or metastatic disease. Although these vascular neoplasms of the spleen are uncommon, their importance lies in that they must be differentiated from the more common neoplastic disorders of the spleen, such as lymphoma and metastasis. The most common echogenic solid or complex cystic mass in an asymptomatic patient is splenic hemangioma. However, the imaging appearance of splenic hemangiomas may be complex, and differentiation of these lesions from malignant disease may not be possible. The diagnosis of splenic hamartoma may be suggested when findings of increased blood flow on color Doppler images are seen in association with a homogeneous solid echogenic mass. A large subcapsular solitary cystic abnormality discovered incidentally in a child in association with internal septations and tiny mural nodules favors the diagnosis of lymphangioma. Any invasion of the surrounding splenic parenchyma by a splenic lesion should indicate a more aggressive or malignant process. Evaluation of a focal splenic abnormality identified on sonograms should be followed up with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging with and without contrast material enhancement. Splenectomy may be required for definitive evaluation of a splenic mass with atypical features.

From the archives of the AFIP: primary vascular neoplasms of the spleen: radiologic-pathologic correlation.

It should go without saying that operations can only be learnt in the operating theatre and not from books. However, there is a role for books on operative surgery. Experienced surgeons may, either because of a change of interest or because of new operations, need to perform procedures for the first time. Although a visit to view an expert doing a procedure is probably the ideal, this is not always possible and written accounts in surgical journals or books can provide a useful alternative. Those learning the procedure under the supervision of a more experienced surgeon will be helped by reading about the operation in advance. There is a third role, perhaps applicable to many readers of the British Journal of Cancer, which is to help non-surgeons to understand the surgical procedures for which they are referring their patients. The reviewer is not completely clear as to which of these functions the present book seeks to fulfil. The preface states that 'This atlas is intended to provide quick reference for those who are embarking on urological oncologic procedures in the pelvis.' Whether this refers to the experienced surgeon attempting the procedure for the first time or to the trainee is not clear. The main merits of this book are the very clear illustrations , which combine realism with clarity and anatomical correctness. It is let down by its brevity, which is exemplified in the chapter on radical prostatectomy. To dismiss the critical steps of controlling the dorsal venous complex and the division of the urethra in two brief sentences is not really adequate. What the reviewer misses in most of the book is the sort of practical tips which a surgeon as experienced as Dr Pontes could pass on and which he could then apply to his own operative technique. The odd tantalising glimpse of what Dr Pontes could offer is presented-for example in his description of the separation of the bladder pedicles into lateral and lateroposterior divisions during the course of radical cystectomy. While recognising that he may have worked under considerable restrictions of space imposed upon him by his publisher, he has used up valuable space by including a chapter on pelvic sarcomas which describes the sort of operation which even those with an interest in oncology might only perform once or twice in a professional lifetime, at the expense of a fuller account of some of the …

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas

https://jcp.bmj.com/content/jclinpath/30/11/1089.1.full.pdf

Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques

The hippocampal theta oscillation is strongly correlated with behaviors such as memory and spatial navigation, but we do not understand its specific functional role. One hint of theta's function came from the discovery in rodents that theta oscillations are traveling waves that allow parts of the hippocampus to simultaneously exhibit separate oscillatory phases. Because hippocampal theta oscillations in humans have different properties compared with rodents, we examined these signals directly using multielectrode recordings from neurosurgical patients. Our findings confirm that human hippocampal theta oscillations are traveling waves, but also show that these oscillations appear at a broader range of frequencies compared with rodents. Human traveling waves showed a distinctive pattern of spatial propagation such that there is a consistent phase spread across the hippocampus regardless of the oscillations' frequency. This suggests that traveling theta oscillations are important functionally in humans because they coordinate phase coding throughout the hippocampus in a consistent manner. Significance statement: We show for the first time in humans that hippocampal theta oscillations are traveling waves, moving along the length of the hippocampus in a posterior-anterior direction. The existence of these traveling theta waves is important for understanding hippocampal neural coding because they cause neurons at separate positions in the hippocampus to experience different theta phases simultaneously. The theta phase that a neuron measures is a key factor in how that cell represents behavioral information. Therefore, the existence of traveling theta waves indicates that, to fully understand how a hippocampal neuron represents information, it is vital to also account for that cell's location in addition to conventional measures of neural activity.

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/35/36/12477.full.pdf

Traveling Theta Waves in the Human Hippocampus

Primary hepatic tuberculosis: a rare but fatal clinical entity if undiagnosed.

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of oral and maxillofacial region has not been widely utilized for diagnosis due to diversity of lesion types, heterogeneity of cell populations and difficulties in reaching and aspirating these lesions. Aim: Our aim was to demonstrate the effectiveness of this cheap and simple procedure for the diagnosis of tumor and tumor like lesions of oral and maxillofacial region. In addition, we sought to highlight probable causes of errors in the cases showing lack of correlation between cytological and histological diagnoses. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 50 patients of all age groups with various palpable lesions in the oromaxillofacial region. A comparison between cytological and histological diagnosis was done wherever biopsy material was available. Results: The rate of unsatisfactory FNA was 4%. There were six false negative cases but no false positive case. The sensitivity of our study ranged from 77.7 to 75% including and excluding the suspicious cases, respectively. Specificity and positive predictive value was 100%. Conclusion: FNAC is a minimally invasive, highly accurate and cost-effective procedure for the assessment of patients with oromaxillofacial lesions. When applied in a proper manner, FNAC can help avoid a surgical biopsy in many cases.

Fine needle aspiration cytology in lesions of oral and maxillofacial region: Diagnostic pitfalls.

Extensive hydatidosis of the femur and pelvis with pathological fracture: a case report.

Hidradenoma papilliferum (HP) is a rare, small, benign, cystic, papillary, slow growing tumor occurring in anogenital region of adult women. The authors describe a case of large, rapidly enlarging HP of vulva in a 25-year-old woman and review the literature available on this rare condition.

Hidradenoma papilliferum of the vulva: case report and review of literature

Background: Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast is a rare entity. Most patients are in the sixth to seventh decade of life. The criteria for diagnosis were established by the WHO in 2003, and modified in 2013. Based on the limited number of studies done; this entity is thought to have a worse prognosis compared to the usual type of intraductal carcinoma. Case Report: A 45 year old woman presented in the surgical outpatient department with complaint of lump breast. Fine needle aspiration was performed and the case was reported as suspicious of malignancy. Biopsy was advised for further evaluation. Histopathology showed a cellular tumor exhibiting a sheeting pattern with interspersed rosettes. The individual cells were relatively monomorphic, with a salt and pepper chromatin. Intraductal component was also identified. Based on the characteristic morphology and presence of chromogranin positivity in more than 50% of the tumor cells, the lump was diagnosed as primary neuroendocrine carcinoma, well differentiated. Conclusion: This case has been written up because of the rarity of this entity, its characteristic histopathological features, and the importance of differentiating it from intraductal carcinoma, due to a more aggressive course than invasive ductal carcinoma, with a higher propensity for local and distant recurrence and poorer overall survival attributed to this entity by some researchers.

Sunita Singh

Papers

Primary hepatic tuberculosis: a rare but fatal clinical entity if undiagnosed.

Fine needle aspiration cytology in lesions of oral and maxillofacial region: Diagnostic pitfalls.

Extensive hydatidosis of the femur and pelvis with pathological fracture: a case report.

Hidradenoma papilliferum of the vulva: case report and review of literature

Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of breast.