Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been recognized in numerous fields including nanobiotechnology, biomedical engineering, and many other fields for its inestimable applications. Superparamagnetic property and the smaller size of SPIONs are the major reasons for its utilization in various fields. In this review, the overall view on work done so far on SPIONS is detailed. Where, it started with different methods of synthesis of SPIONs including various types physical (such as gas-phase deposition, pulsed laser ablation, power ball milling), chemical (chemical co-precipitation, micro-emulsions, hydrothermal synthesis) and biological methods (using bacteria and plant) and are also elaborated. Its properties and characteristics are detailed. The formulation of SPIONs into drug-laden nanocarrier for exhibiting targeted drug delivery and its use in cancer treatment as hyperthermia is emphasised. Its various other applications consist of radiation therapy, environmental remediation, tissue engineering etc., which are also elaborated.

A review on synthesis, characterization and potential biological applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

Effect of hexavalent chromium on the environment and removal techniques: A review

Heavy metals contamination has become a global environmental problem owing to anthropogenic sources. They are considered a stern threat to humans, aquatic life, and harmful pollutants to water resources due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity. Nanomaterials (NMs) have been used extensively from the available diversity of sorbents for heavy metals removal from wastewater. This review looks at the results of research undertaken using various NMs in the sequestration of Cr (VI). NMs have shown to be efficient and effective for the treatment of wastewater polluted by Cr (VI) owing to their unique properties like surface effect and quantum effect. Besides their large surface area, they also show exclusive characteristics like higher capacity, higher specificity, higher affinity, self-assembly, great reactivity, and catalytic-potential, making them superior adsorbing materials than traditional materials for Cr (VI) removal. The functionalization of these NMs was discovered to enhance their characteristics, hence improving the sorption capacity of NMs for Cr (VI) sorption. From previous studies reported, synthesized NMs had high sorption capacity for Cr (VI) and high retention of the sorbate metals. The Cr (VI) sorption onto various NMs or its functionalized materials were observed to depend on the pH, quantity of sorbent, contact time and temperature. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models best depicted the equilibrium data of the sorption processes. The determined sorption capacity of the various NMs for Cr (VI) sorption determined from the Langmuir model ranged from 3.197 to 666.67 mg/g for carbon nanomaterials, 8.67–1052.63 mg/g for metal and metals oxide NMs and 59.17–854.7 mg/g for polymers composite.

A review of hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solutions by sorption technique using nanomaterials

Gums are carbohydrate biomolecules that have the potential to bind water and form gels. Gums are regularly linked with proteins and minerals in their construction. Gums have several forms, such as mucilage gums, seed gums, exudate gums, etc. Plant gums are one of the most important gums because of their bioavailability. Plant-derived gums have been used by humans since ancient times for numerous applications. The main features that make them appropriate for use in different applications are high stabilization, viscosity, adhesive property, emulsification action, and surface-active activity. In many pharmaceutical formulations, plant-based gums and mucilages are the key ingredients due to their bioavailability, widespread accessibility, non-toxicity, and reasonable prices. These compete with many polymeric materials for use as different pharmaceuticals in today’s time and have created a significant achievement from being an excipient to innovative drug carriers. In particular, scientists and pharmacy industries around the world have been drawn to uncover the secret potential of plant-based gums and mucilages through a deeper understanding of their physicochemical characteristics and the development of safety profile information. This innovative unique class of drug products, useful in advanced drug delivery applications, gene therapy, and biosynthesis, has been developed by modification of plant-based gums and mucilages. In this review, both fundamental and novel medicinal aspects of plant-based gums and mucilages, along with their capacity for pharmacology and nanomedicine, were demonstrated.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/6/1770/pdf

Plant-Based Gums and Mucilages Applications in Pharmacology and Nanomedicine: A Review

Production, characterization and application of nanocarriers made of polysaccharides, proteins, bio-polyesters and other biopolymers: A review.

Background Super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are widely used metal nanoparticles for various applications for its magnetic property and biocompatibility. In recent years, pollution of our environment especially with heavy metals in waterbodies has become a major threat and has left us very minimal sources of freshwater to drink. SPIONs or surface modified SPIONs can be used to remove these heavy metals. Methods SPIONs were synthesized by co-precipitation method and further coated with a biopolymer, chitosan. Chromium solution was treated with the synthesized SPIONs to study the efficiency of chromium removal by surface adsorption. Later, the adsorption was analysed by direct and indirect analysis methods using UV-VIS spectrophotometry and isotherm studies. Results Stable chitosan-coated SPIONs were synthesized and they adsorbed chromium better than the uncoated SPIONs, where it was adsorbing up to 100 ppm. Adsorption was found to be increasing with decrease in pH. Conclusion The surface-modified SPIONs expressed cumulative adsorption action. Even after the adsorption studies, chitosan-coated SPIONs were possessing magnetic property. Thus, the surface-modified SPIONs can become an ideal nanotechnology tool to remove the chromium from groundwater.

/pdf/surface-engineered-super-paramagnetic-iron-oxide-56exdoymvm.pdf

Surface-Engineered Super-Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles For Chromium Removal

The usage of nanoparticles in the recent years have gained a huge importance in various fields due to their unique properties such as electrical, optical, magnetic abilities that contribute to the growth of science and technology. Therefore, it has become vital to understand the impact of nanoparticles on the human health and environment as they are expected to impose a negative threat in the environment due to its exploitation and improper disposal. As a result, nanotoxicology has been emerged as new realm of toxicology that mainly deals with understanding of the interaction between the nanoparticles with the environment. Due to the increased exposure of nanoparticles to the environment, a better assessment of nanotoxicity is required along with imposing methods for a more efficient use of nanoparticles and with proper disposal methods to help reduce the adverse effects. Therefore, this review paper provides a detailed understanding of the mechanism that is responsible for nanoparticles toxicity and its interaction with the environment along with the factors that contribute to its toxic effects with specific information of metal nanoparticles such as gold, silver, superparamagnetic iron oxide, platinum and zinc nanoparticles. It also provides a detailed explanation on adverse effects on human cell lines and clinical data derived from studies conducted on various in-vitro and in-vivo models utilized to assess the toxic impacts of the nano-sized particles.

Overview on toxicity of nanoparticles, it's mechanism, models used in toxicity studies and disposal methods – A review

Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) remains as a subject of extensive research in modern days due to their significant role in environmental remediation. The current study deals with SPIONs in removal of textile effluent dye, crystal violet. Three different types of SPIONs (SPIONs – a, b, c) were synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method having sodium hydroxide as reducing agent. The synthesized SPIONs were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). All the produced SPIONs were crystalline. Amongst them, the smallest and the best adsorbing SPIONs (SPIONs-a) against crystal violet dye was identified . SPIONs-a was found to possess super paramagnetism and of size below 50 ​nm. The adsorption efficiency by SPIONs-a were optimized for adsorbate-adsorbent concentration where it was found to be 8 ​g/L SPIONs-a, pH 9 and 2 ​h time of contact. It was subjected for mathematical models like Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms studies which states the interaction of adsorbent and adsorbate. It was found to remove 94.7% CV and it was relevance with Temkin isotherms.

Adsorption efficiency of chemically synthesized Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) on crystal violet dye

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1591/ab8b16/pdf

Suresh Kumar S

Papers

Surface-Engineered Super-Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles For Chromium Removal

Overview on toxicity of nanoparticles, it's mechanism, models used in toxicity studies and disposal methods – A review

Adsorption efficiency of chemically synthesized Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) on crystal violet dye

Purification, characterization and exploitation of Azadirachta indica gum for the production of drug loaded nanocarrier

A study on influence of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on green gram (Vigna radiata L.) and earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae L.)