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The Practice Of Everyday Life

The politics of life itself Biomedicine, power, and subjectivity in the twenty-first century

In 1990 it was estimated that 4123 million of the world's 5267 million population—78%—lived in developing countries. Of the 39.5 million deaths in the developing world, 9.2 million were estimated to have been caused by infectious and parasitic disease; infections of the lower respiratory tract were the third most common cause of death worldwide, and diarrhoeal diseases were the fourth.1 Ninety eight per cent of deaths in children occur in the developing world, mostly as a result of infections.

Projections of disability adjusted life years (that is, the years of life without disability) for the year 2020 show great improvement in developing regions: people are living longer without disabilities.2 However, even the most pessimistic model analysed did not take into account the possibility that the development of new antimicrobial drugs might slow or cease, and that rates of drug resistance in bacteria such as pneumococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis , or Staphylococcus aureus might increase. We chart the progress and impact of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs in the developing world. The information in this review has been assembled from searches of the computerised databases Medline and Bath Information and Data Services, discussions with colleagues, and personal knowledge.

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Although even the most potent and recently developed antimicrobial drugs are available throughout the world, …

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Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries.

A key constraint to achieving the MDGs is the absence of a properly trained and motivated workforce. Loss of clinical staff from low and middle-income countries is crippling already fragile health care systems. Health worker retention is critical for health system performance and a key problem is how best to motivate and retain health workers. The authors undertook a systematic review to consolidate existing evidence on the impact of financial and non-financial incentives on motivation and retention.

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Motivation and retention of health workers in developing countries: a systematic review.

may make for difficulty and perhaps the work could be improved by better integration of the chapters. This is not an adverse criticism of the book. It is merely a constructive criticism for the future, for there is no doubt that this work is the most useful book on operative obstetrics today in the English language. It is also the most beautifully produced and one of the most worth-while books on obstetrics in the whole of modern medical literature. E.E.P.

The Doctor, His Patient and the Illness

CONTRIBUTORS: Frank J. Bruun Patrick Devlieger Ronald Frankenberg Bernhard Helander Benedicte Ingstad Judith Monks Robert Murphy Ida Nicolaisen Lisbeth Sachs Nayinda Sentumbwe Aud Talle Susan Reynolds Whyte

Disability and culture

▪ Abstract This review discusses pharmaceuticals as social and cultural phenomena by following their “life cycle” from production, marketing, and prescription to distribution, purchasing, consumption, and finally their efficacy. Each phase has its own particular context, actors, and transactions and is characterized by different sets of values and ideas. The anthropology of pharmaceuticals is relevant to medical anthropology and health policy. It also touches the heart of general anthropology with its long-time interest in the concepts of culture vs nature, symbolization and social transformation, and its more recent concerns with the cultural construction of the body and processes of globalization and localization. The study of transactions and meanings of pharmaceuticals in diverse social settings provides a particularly appropriate empirical base for addressing these new theoretical issues.

THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF PHARMACEUTICALS: A Biographical Approach

Part I. Introduction: 1. An anthropology of materia medica Part II. The Consumers: 2. Mothers and children: the efficacies of drugs 3. Villagers and local remedies: the symbolic nature of medicines 4. Women in distress: medicines for control 5. Sceptical consumers: doubts about medicines Part III. The Providers: 6. Drug vendors and their market: the commodification of health 7. Pharmacists as doctors: bridging the sectors of health care 8. Injectionists: the attraction of technology 9. Prescribing physicians: medicines as communication Part IV. The Strategists: 10. Manufacturers: scientific claims, commercial aims 11. Health planners: making and contesting drug policy Part V. Conclusion: 12. Anthropologists and the sociality of medicines.

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Social Lives of Medicines

Introduction Part I. An Uncertain World: 1. Misfortune and uncertainty 2. The pursuit of health and prosperity 3. Going to ask Part II. 'What You Cannot See': The Revelations of Spirits: 4. At home with the dead 5. The fertility of clanship 6. Little spirits and child survival Part III. 'You Will Know Me': The Opacity of Humans: 7. Speaking of morality 8. Substances and secrecy Part IV. The Pragmatics of Uncertainty: 9. More questions 10. Consequences. Notes References Index.

Questioning misfortune : the pragmatics of uncertainty in Eastern Uganda

The ready availability and extreme popularity of Western pharmaceuticals in developing countries poses important general issues for medical anthropology. In attempting to explain why medicines are so attractive in so many different cultures, this article suggests that they facilitate particular social and symbolic processes. The key to their charm is their con-creteness; in them healing is objectified. As things, they allow therapy to be disengagedfrom its social entanglements. Medicines are commodities which pass from one context of meaning to another. As substances, they are “good to think with” in both metaphoric and metonymic senses. They enhance the perception of illness as something tangible, and they facilitate communication about experiences that may be difficult to express. In the course of their transaction, they bear with them associations to authoritative professionals and the potency and potential of other cultural contexts of which they once were a part.

Susan Reynolds Whyte

Papers

Disability and culture

THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF PHARMACEUTICALS: A Biographical Approach

Social Lives of Medicines

Questioning misfortune : the pragmatics of uncertainty in Eastern Uganda

The Charm of Medicines: Metaphors and Metonyms