Immunity enhancement in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) by a probiont bacterium (Bacillus S11)

Despite progress in the past decade, researchers struggle to evaluate the hypothesis that environmental conditions compromise immunity and facilitate new disease outbreaks. In this chapter, we review known immunological mechanisms for selected phyla and find that there are critical response pathways common to all invertebrates. These include the prophenoloxidase pathway, wandering phagocytic cells, cytotoxic effector responses, and antimicrobial compounds. To demonstrate the links between immunity and the environment, we summarize mechanisms by which immunity is compromised by environmental conditions. New environmental challenges may promote emergent disease both through compromised host immunity and introduction of new pathogens. Such challenges include changing climate, polluted environment, anthropogenically facilitated pathogen invasion, and an increase in aquaculture. The consequences of these environmental issues already manifest themselves as increased mortality on coral reefs, pathogen range expansion, and transmission of disease from aquaculture to natural populations, as we summarize in a final section on recent marine epizootics.

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Innate Immunity, Environmental Drivers, and Disease Ecology of Marine and Freshwater Invertebrates

Response of penaeid shrimp to exposure to Vibrio species

Non-cellular immunity in crustaceans

Activation of prophenoloxidase, agglutinin and antibacterial activity in haemolymph of the black tiger prawn,Penaeus monodon, by immunostimulants

To investigate the specificity of an inducible hemolymph bactericidin, West Indian spiny lobsters were immunized with a variety of antigens. Bactericidal assays were conducted with strain EMB-1, a gram-negative bacillus isolated from normal lobster intestine. Animals given saline solution with or without 0.3% Formalin exhibited only a slight response similar to sham controls. Injections of type 2 pneumococci or bovine albumin produced slightly higher responses. These were much less pronounced than the homologous response to EMB-1. Formalin exhibited an adjuvant-like effect with EMB-1.

Susan Sawyer

Papers

Specificity of the Induced Bactericidin of the West Indian Spiny Lobster, Panulirus argus