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Properties Of Concrete

In recent years, an emerging technology termed, “High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (HPFRC)” has become popular in the construction industry. The materials used in HPFRC depend on the desired characteristics and the availability of suitable local economic alternative materials. Concrete is a common building material, generally weak in tension, often ridden with cracks due to plastic and drying shrinkage. The introduction of short discrete fibers into the concrete can be used to counteract and prevent the propagation of cracks. Despite an increase in interest to use HPFRC in concrete structures, some doubts still remain regarding the effect of fibers on the properties of concrete. This paper presents the most comprehensive review to date on the mechanical, physical, and durability-related features of concrete. Specifically, this literature review aims to provide a comprehensive review of the mechanism of crack formation and propagation, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, stress–strain behavior, tensile strength (TS), flexural strength, drying shrinkage, creep, electrical resistance, and chloride migration resistance of HPFRC. In general, the addition of fibers in high-performance concrete has been proven to improve the mechanical properties of concrete, particularly the TS, flexural strength, and ductility performance. Furthermore, incorporation of fibers in concrete results in reductions in the shrinkage and creep deformations of concrete. However, it has been shown that fibers may also have negative effects on some properties of concrete, such as the workability, which get reduced with the addition of steel fibers. The addition of fibers, particularly steel fibers, due to their conductivity leads to a significant reduction in the electrical resistivity of the concrete, and it also results in some reduction in the chloride penetration resistance of the concrete.

High-performance fiber-reinforced concrete: a review

Durability and mechanical properties of high strength concrete incorporating ultra fine Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag

Degradation processes in reinforced concrete structures that affect durability are partially controlled by transport of aggressive ions through the concrete microstructure Ions are charged and the ability of concrete to hold out against transfer of ions greatly relies on its electrical resistivity Hence, a connection could be expected between electrical resistivity of concrete and the deterioration processes such as increase in permeability and corrosion of embedded steel Through this paper, an extensive literature review has been done to address relationship between concrete electrical resistivity and its certain durability characteristics These durability characteristics include chloride diffusivity and corrosion of reinforcement as these have major influence on concrete degradation process Overall, there exists an inverse or direct proportional correlation between these parameters Evaluated results, from measuring the concrete electrical resistivity, can also be used as a great indicator to identify early age characteristics of fresh concrete and for evaluation of its properties, determination of moisture content, connectivity of the micropores, and even condition assessment of in-service structures This paper also reviews and assesses research concerning the influential parameters such as environmental conditions and presence of steel rebar and cracks on measuring electrical resistivity of concrete Moreover, concrete resistivity concept, application, and its various measurement techniques are introduced

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Electrical Resistivity of Concrete for Durability Evaluation: A Review

Durability of mortar and concrete made up of pozzolans as a partial replacement of cement: A review

Flexural behavior and durability properties of high performance hybrid-fiber-reinforced concrete

Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) is a green construction material used to produce durable concrete. The secondary pozzolanic reactions can result in reduced pore connectivity; therefore, replacing partial amount of Portland cement (PC) with GGBS can significantly reduce the risk of sulfate attack, alkali–silica reactions and chloride penetration. However, it may also reduce the concrete resistance against carbonation. Due to the time consuming process of concrete carbonation, many researchers have used accelerated carbonation test to shorten the experimental time. However, there are always some uncertainties in the accelerated carbonation test results. Most importantly, the moisture content and moisture profile of the concrete before the carbonation test can significantly affect the test results. In this work, more than 200 samples with various water–cementitious material ratios and various replacement percentages of GGBS were cast. The compressive strength, electrical resistivity, chloride permeability and carbonation tests were conducted. The moisture loss and microstructure of concrete were studied. The partial replacement of PC with GGBS produced considerable improvement on various properties of concrete.

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Durability Properties and Microstructure of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Cement Concrete

Twenty-two reinforced concrete deep beams with cylinder compressive strengths f 1 C generally exceeding 55 MPa (8000 psi) were tested under two-point symmetric top loading. Based on the main steel ratio ρ w the beams were organized into four groups with ρ W = 2.00, 2.58, 4.08, and 5.80 percent. Web reinforcement comprising 10 mm (0.4 m.) diameter plain mild steel stirrups at 300 mm (11.7 in.) centers was provided for all specimens, giving a vertical web steel ratio ρ ν of 0.48 percent. The beams were tested for different shear span-to-overall-height ratios a/h, ranging from 0.25 to 2.50 (equivalent to a/d from 0.28 to 3.14). The comparisons among the series serve to highlight the influence of ρ w and a/h ratio on the shear behavior of high strength concrete deep and short beams. It is shown that the a/h ratio (or equivalent a/d) dominates the failure modes while the beneficial effect of ρ w is more significant at the low end of a/d, say for a/d 1.50, the influence of the main steel ratio declines, except for the particularly high value of 5.80 percent, where the relative increase in shear strength due to main steel remains constantly high, regardless of a/d. The test results are then compared with predictions based on the current ACI Code, the Canadian Code, and the UK CIRIA Guide-2. It is shown that the ACT predictions are generally conservative, with the smallest standard deviation, though with a/d 1.50, a few cases are overestimated. The predictions from the Canadian Code are comparitively good, but the UK CIRIA Guide-2 estimations are generally unconservative, with the greatest scatter. The study shows that the CIRIA Guide-2 predictions may be unconservative for specimens with f' C ≥ 55 MPa (8000 psi) and with ρ W ≥2.58 percent.

Main Tension Steel in High Strength Concrete Deep andShort Beams

Drying shrinkage can cause high performance concrete (HPC) to crack, resulting in a reduction of its overall strength and durability. Creep behavior is also an important property of HPC and it should also be considered in applications. This paper evaluates the time-dependent creep and shrinkage properties of HPC as well as high performance hybrid-fiber-reinforced concretes (HPHyFRC) through experimental programs and the results will be compared with some common prediction models. The authors’ HPC were developed by using certain percentages of silica fume (SF) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) as cement replacement materials. Double hooked-end steel fibers, single hooked-end steel fibers, and polyvinyl alcohol fibers were mixed in different proportions in the concrete to get HPHyFRC. The total combined volume fractions of the fibers were 0%, 0.6%, and 1.2%. The results indicate that the substitution of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with SF or GGBS improved the properties of concrete. The addition of fibers significantly reduced the drying shrinkage and creep coefficient of HPHyFRC. While the fiber volume fraction had an insignificant influence on the drying shrinkage of HPHyFRC, hybridization of polyvinyl alcohol fiber with steel fibers resulted in the minimum shrinkage strain. The least creep coefficient was attained by the concrete mix containing 1.2% double hooked-end steel fibers. The CEB-FIP 2010 model predicts the time-dependent behaviors of concretes with the best accuracy among different models compared in this study.

Susanto Teng

Papers

Durability and mechanical properties of high strength concrete incorporating ultra fine Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag

Flexural behavior and durability properties of high performance hybrid-fiber-reinforced concrete

Durability Properties and Microstructure of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Cement Concrete

Main Tension Steel in High Strength Concrete Deep andShort Beams

Experiments on drying shrinkage and creep of high performance hybrid-fiber-reinforced concrete